简介：不同尺寸的喷雾器被一个安德森空气刺绣花样收集观察黑碳(BC)的详细形态学与另外的伴随的喷雾器化学上被分开的喷雾器，用与一个精力DispersiveX光线分光计(SEM-EDX)装备的一台扫描电子显微镜。结果显示大多数BC喷雾器是在直径并且与同类的表面的大约50nm的球形的粒子。结果也证明这些粒子与另外的喷雾器或与自己一起聚集形成更大在测微计范围聚结。这些50-nmBC球形的粒子的形状被发现很类似于免除石油动力的车辆的内燃机的BCparticles的。这些球形的BCparticles被显示与发现帮助usingMatrix的激光解吸附作用/电离蒂米夫莱特·马斯·斯佩克特罗梅特里(MALDI-TOF-MS)的以前报导的fullerenes不同。

简介：ＡＣＨＡＲＡＣＴＥＲＩＳＴＩＣＡＮＡＬＹＳＩＳＯＦＡＥＲＯＳＯＬＳＦＲＯＭＳＡＮＤＳＴＯＲＭＳＹａｎｇＤｏｎｇｚｈｅｎ（杨东贞），ＷａｎｇＣｈａｏ（王超）ａｎｄＹｕＸｉａｏｌａｎ（于晓岚）ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＡｔｍｏｓｐｈｅｒｉｃＣｈｅｎｍｉｓｔｒ...

简介：全部的推迟的微粒(TSP)样品沿着Qingdao的海岸在三个地点被收集，中国，在前并且在在2002年3月的主要尘暴期间。为比较，PM_(10)(有空气动力学的直径的微粒物质不到10μm)样品被收集三个地点赎回。词法观察和体积和单个粒子的组合分析被使用扫描与为TSP和PM_(10)的散X光检查系统(SEM/EDX)取样的一个精力装备的电子显微镜学执行。结果证明形态学的不同类型的粒子有类似的形态学的不同元素的作文，而是粒子总是没为非灰尘样品有一样的元素的作文。非灰尘粒子的Themorphology和作文在不同地点是不同的。分数维、球形的粒子为非灰尘样品主要在粗粒级存在，当时在好模式(<10μm)有絮状物，一起结队并且包含外壳的元素的好粒子形成。与非灰尘粒子相比，尘粒以形态学，颗粒大小和作文是更同类的。有andwell分布式的尺寸在灰尘样品统治了的不规则的形状的粒子，包含象Mg那样的外壳的元素，艾尔，Si，Ca，Fe，等等。高硫内容显示了那同类并且多相反应在Qingdao的特定的环境发生在尘粒的表面上。

简介：Inthispaper,theRIEMS2.0model,sourceemissionin2006and2010areusedtosimulatethedistributionsandradiativeeffectsofdifferentanthropogenicaerosolsoverChina.Thecomparisonbetweentheresultsforcedbysourceemissionsin2006and2010alsorevealsthesensitivityoftheradiativeeffectstosourceemission.Theresultsareshownasfollows:(1)Comparedwiththosein2006,theannualaveragesurfaceconcentrationofsulfatein2010decreasedovercentralandeasternChinawitharangeof-5to0μg/m~3;thedecreaseofannualaverageaerosolopticaldepthofsulfateoverEastChinavariedfrom0.04to0.08;theannualaveragesurfaceconcentrationsofBC,OCandnitrateincreasedovercentralandeasternChinawithmaximumsof10.90,11.52and12.50μg/m~3,respectively;theannualaerosolopticaldepthsofBC,OCandnitrateincreasedoversomeareasofEastChinawithextremesof0.006,0.007and0.008,respectively.(2)Fortheregionalaverageresultsin2010,theradiativeforcingsofsulfate,BC,OC,nitrateandtheirtotalnetradiativeforcingatthetopoftheatmosphereovercentralandeasternChinawere-0.64,0.29,-0.41,-0.33and-1.1W/m~2,respectively.Comparedwiththosein2006,theradiativeforcingsofBCandOCin2010werebothenhanced,whilethatofsulfateandthenetradiativeforcingwerebothweakenedoverEastChinamostly.(3)Thereductionofthecoolingeffectofsulfatein2010producedawarmersurfaceairtemperatureovercentralandeasternChina;themaximumvaluewas0.25K.Thecoolingeffectofnitratewasalsoslightlyweakened.ThewarmingeffectofBCwasenhancedovermostoftheareasinChina,whilethecoolingeffectofOCwasenhancedoverthesimilararea,particularlytheareabetweenYangtzeandHuangheRivers.Thenetradiativeeffectofthefouranthropogenicaerosolsgeneratedtheannualaveragereductionandthemaximumreductionwere-0.096and-0.285K,respectively,forthesurfacetemperaturein2006,whilein2010theywere-0.063and-0.256K,respectively.Insummary,thecha

简介：喷雾器(n=27)的每日的样品在Fukang从9月21日被收集到2013年10月4日(44.17

简介：Aregionalclimatemodelisemployedtosimulatetheaerosols(dust,sulfate,blackcarbon,andorganiccarbon)andtheirdirecteffectontheclimateoverChina.Theemphasisisonthedirectradiativeforcingduetothechangeinmixingstateofaerosols.Theresultsshowthatdirectradiativeforcingissignificantlydifferentbetweenexternallyandinternallymixedaerosols.Atthetopoftheatmosphere(TOA),theradiativeforcingofexternallymixedaerosolsislargerthanthatofinternallymixedones,especiallyintheTarimdesertregionwherethedifferenceisabout0.7Wm2.Atthesurface,however,thesituationbecomesopposite,especiallyintheSichuanbasinwherethedifferenceisabout-1.4Wm2.Nonetheless,eitherexternallyorinternallymixedaerosolsinChinacanresultinasignificantcoolingeffect,exceptforthewarminginSouthChinainwinterandtheslightwarminginNorthChinainFebruary.Thecoolingeffectinducedbyexternallymixedaerosolsisweakerthanthatinducedbyinternallymixedaerosols,andthisismoreobviousinspringandwinterthaninsummerandautumn.Inspringandsummer,theinhibitingeffectofexternallymixedaerosolsonprecipitationislessthanthatofinternallymixedaerosols,whereasinautumnandwinterthedifferenceisnotobvious.

简介：使用批评的风速度和磨擦速度的二个普通表面灰尘排放计划与在东亚的地区性的气候模型RegCM3相比。在比较，矿物质灰尘和它的分发的运输从三月被模仿到2001年4月。模拟结果也与TOMS喷雾器索引相比，证明明显的差别在灰尘排放数量存在，它的列负担由磨擦的灰尘排放计划模仿了速度和风速度标准。风速度标准获得的结果由磨擦速度比那高，提出灰尘排放计划匹配模型的问题。在二个计划的明显的差别也解释由当模特儿模仿矿物质灰尘喷雾器的不确定性。

简介：

简介：Acoupledregionalclimateandaerosol-chemistrymodel,RIEMS2.0(RegionalIntegratedEnvironmentalModelSystemforAsia),inwhichanthropogenicsulfate,blackcarbon,andorganiccarbonwereassumedtobeexternallymixed(EM),internallymixed(IM)orpartiallyinternallymixed(IEM),wasusedtosimulatetheimpactsoftheseanthropogenicaerosolsonEastAsianclimatefortheentireyearof2006.Thedistributionsofaerosolmassconcentration,radiativeforcingandhencethesurfaceairtemperatureandprecipitationvariationsunderthreemixingassumptionsofaerosolswereanalyzed.Theresultsindicatedthatthemassconcentrationofsulfatewassensitivetomixingassumptions,butcarbonaceousaerosolsweremuchlesssensitivetothemixingtypes.ModeledresultswerecomparedwithobservationsinavarietyofsitesinEastAsia.Itwasfoundthatthesimulatedconcentrationsofsulfateandcarbonaceousaerosolswereinaccordwiththeobservationsintermsofmagnitude.ThesimulatedaerosolconcentrationsinIMcasewereclosesttoobservationresults.Theregionalaveragecolumnburdensofsulfate,blackcarbon,andorganiccarbon,ifinternallymixed,were11.49,0.47,and2.17mgm2,respectively.Theradiativeforcingofanthropogenicaerosolsatthetopoftheatmosphereincreasedfrom-1.27(EM)to-1.97Wm2(IM)whilethenormalizedradiativeforcing(NRF)decreasedfrom-0.145(EM)to-0.139Wmg1(IM).TheradiativeforcingandNRFwere-1.82Wm2and-0.141Wmg1forIEM,respectively.Thesurfaceairtemperaturechangesoverthedomainduetotheanthropogenicsulfateandcarbonaceousaerosolswere-0.067,-0.078,and-0.072K,withmaximaof-0.47,-0.50,and-0.49K,forEM,IM,andIEM,respectively.Meanwhile,theannualprecipitationvariationswere-8.0(EM),-20.6(IM),and-21.9mm(IEM),withmaximaof148,122,and102mm,respectively,indicatingthattheclimateeffectswerestrongerifthesulfateandcarbonaceousaerosolswereinternallymixed.

简介：TheInternationalCentreforTheoreticalPhysics(ICTP,Italy)RegionalClimateModelversion3.0(RegCM3)isusedtosimulatespatio-temporaldistributioncharacteristicsandradiativeforcing(RF)oforganiccarbon(OC)aerosolsinandaroundChina.ThepreliminarysimulationresultsshowthatOCaerosolsaremostlyconcentratedintheareatothesouthofYellowRiverandeastofTibetanPlateau.ThereisadecreasingtrendofcolumnburdenofOCaerosolsfromsouthtonorthinChina.ThemaximumvalueofcolumnburdenofOCaerosolsisabove3mg/m2andlocatedinthecentralandsouthernChina,southeasternTibet,andsouthwesternChina’sYunnan,Guizhou,Sichuanprovinces.ThesimulationontheseasonalvariationshowsthatthemaximumvalueofcolumnburdenofOCaerosolsappearsinwinterandthesecondaryvalueisinspringandtheminimuminsummer.TheRFofOCaerosolswhichvariesseasonallyisnegativeatthetopoftheatmosphere(TOA)andsurface.Thespatio-temporalcharacteristicsoftheRFofOCaerosolsarebasicallyconsistentwiththatofIPCC,implyingthehighaccuracyoftheparameterizationschemeforOCaerosolsinRegCM3.

简介：Undertheeffectsofelectricfieldandchemicalreaction,theproblemofdispersionofaerosolsinapoorlyconductingfluidinachannelissolvedanalyticallyusingthemixturetheorytogetherwitharegularperturbationtechnique.Itisshownthattheaerosolsaredispersedrelativetoaplanemovingwiththemeanspeedofatmosphericfluidaswellasthemeanspeedofagglomerationofaerosolwitharelativediffusioncoefficient,calledtheTaylordispersioncoefficient.Thiscoefficientisnumericallycomputedandtheresultsrevealthatitincreaseswithanincreaseintheelectricnumber,butdecreaseswithincreasingporousparameter.Thephysicalexplanationsforthephenomenaaregiveninthisarticle.

简介：当模特儿的系统RAMS-CMAQ在这份报纸被用于东亚模仿大气的喷雾器的temporo空间的集中分布。为评估它的表演，象硫酸盐那样的喷雾器的建模的集中，硝酸盐，铵，黑碳和器官的碳与在2001的春季在二架飞机的上船的东亚获得的观察相比。比较显示出通常好的同意，并且，特别地，当模特儿的系统捕获了大多数重要观察特征，包括在西方的太平洋上的亚洲流出的喷雾器的垂直坡度。评估结果向我们提供许多信心让当模特儿的系统的进一步的使用在东亚上调查大气的喷雾器的运输和转变过程并且在地球的放射预算上估计他们的影响。

简介：

简介：UsingtheCAM3.0model,weinvestigatedtherespectiveeffectsofaerosolconcentrationincreasinganddecadalvariationofglobalseasurfacetemperature(SST)aroundyear1976/77ontheEastAsianprecipitationinborealsummer.BydoublingtheconcentrationofthesulfateaerosolandblackcarbonaerosolseparatelyandsynchronouslyinEastAsia(100-150°E,20-50°N),theclimateeffectsoftheseaerosolsarespecificallyinvestigated.TheresultsshowthatboththedecadalSSTchangingandaerosolconcentrationincreasingcouldleadtorainfalldecreasinginthecenterofEastAsia,butincreasingintheregionsalongsoutheastcoastareasofChina.However,thedifferentpatternsofrainfalloveroceanandlowerwindfieldoverAsiancontinentbetweenaerosolexperimentsandSSTexperimentsinCAM3.0indicatethepresenceofdifferentmechanisms.Intheincreasedaerosolconcentrationexperiments,scatteringeffectisthemainclimateeffectforbothsulfateandblackcarbonaerosolsintheEasternAsiansummer.Especiallyintheincreasedsulfateaerosolconcentrationexperiment,theclimatescatteringeffectofaerosolleadstothemostsignificanttemperaturedecreasing,sinkingconvectionanomaliesanddecreasedrainfallinthetroposphereoverthecentralpartofEastAsia.However,inanincreasedblackcarbonaerosolconcentrationexperiment,weakenedsinkingconvectionanomaliesexistatthesoutherlyposition.ThisweakenedsinkinganditscompensatingrisingconvectionanomaliesinthesouthleadtotheheavyrainfalloversoutheastcoastareasofChina.Whenconcentrationsofbothsulfateandblackcarbonaerosolsincreasesynchronously,theanomalousrainfalldistributionissomewhatlikethatintheincreasedblackcarbonconcentrationaerosolexperimentbutwithlessintensity.