简介：Intheestimationofseismictendency,usingGutenberg-Richter￠sb-valueandusingHurstexponentaretwocom-monlyusedmethods.Basedonthefractalgeometryofearthquaketimeseries,wepointoutthatthesetwomethodscorrelatetoeachother.IntheperspectiveoffractionalBrownianmotion(FBM),anearthquakesequencewithb>3/4andthatwithb<3/4havedifferentdynamicproperties.

简介：Inthisstudy,weadoptanimprovedBayesianapproachbasedonfree-knotB-splinebasestostudythespatialandtemporaldistributionoftheb-value.SynthetictestsshowthattheimprovedBayesianapproachhasasuperiorperformancecomparedtotheBayesianapproachaswellasthewidelyusedmaximumlikelihoodestimation(MLE)methodinfittingtherealvariationofb-values.WethenapplytheimprovedBayesianapproachtoNorthChinaandfindthattheb-valuehasaclearrelevancetoseismicity.Temporalchangesofb-valuesarealsoinvestigatedintwospecificareasofNorthChina.Weinterpretsharpdecreasesintheb-valuesasusefulmessagesinearthquakehazardanalysis.

简介：TheeffectsofmagnituderoundingandofthepresenceofnoiseintheroundedmagnitudesontheestimationoftheGutenberg–Richterb-valueareexplored,andthewaystocorrectfortheseeffectsareproposed.Fortypicalvalues,b=1androundingintervalDM=0.1,theroundingerrorisapproximately-10-3anditcanbecorrectedtoanegligibleapproximately-10-5.Forthesametypicalvalues,theeffectofnoisecanbelarger,dependingonthecharacteristicsofthenoisedistribution;fornormallydistributednoisewithstandarddeviationr=0.1,thecorrectb-valuemaybeunderestimatedbyafactor*0.97.

简介：TheTanlu(Tancheng-Lujiang)faultisoneofthemajorstructuresineasternChina,whichcutsacrossdifferentblocksandcontrolsthetectonicactivity.UsingtheseismicdatafromtheChinaEarthquakeNetworksCenter,weinvestigatethespatialvariationsoftheb-valueintheDabie-Sulu(Jiangsu-Shandong)organicbeltbycalculatingtheb-valueofeachgrid(1°×1°)from1970to2010.Thestudyshowsthat:theb-valueissmallerintheTanlufaultanditsadjacentarea,whichmightsuggestthatthemajorearthquakerecurrenceperiodisrelativelylongduetothelowerfrequencyofsmallearthquakeactivity.InbothsidesofTanlufault,theb-valueishigherattheedgeofSulublockandtheeasternpartofDabieorogenicbelt.ThebvaluesarehigherinNorthChinacentralorogenicbelt,andsmallearthquakeactivitywhichoccurredalongthecentralorogenicbeltisfrequent.Additionally,combinedwithgeologicalandgeophysicalstudy,wefindthattheb-valuehasacertaincorrespondencerelationshipwiththelithologicdistribution,whichinformsusthatseismicactivityfeaturesarecloselyrelatedtotheinhomogeneousmediainthecrust.

简介：SeismicityoftheEarth(MC4.5)wascompiledfromNEIC,IRISandISCcataloguesandusedtocomputeb-valuebasedonvarioustimewindows.Itisfoundthatcontinuouscyclicb-variationsoccuronbothlongandshorttimescales,thelatterbeingofmuchhighervalueandsometimesinexcessof0.7oftheabsoluteb-value.Thesevariationsoccurnotonlyyearlyormonthly,butalsodaily.Beforetheoccurrenceoflargeearthquakes,b-valuesstartincreasingwithvariablegradientsthatareaffectedbyforeshocks.Insomecases,thegradientisreducedtozeroortoanegativevalueafewdaysbeforetheearthquakeoccurrence.Ingeneral,calculatedb-valuesattainmaxima1daybeforelargeearthquakesandminimasoonaftertheiroccurrence.Bothlinearregressionandmaximumlikelihoodmethodsgivecorrelatable,butvariableresults.Itisfoundthatanexpandingtimewindowtechniquefromafixedstartingpointismoreeffectiveinthestudyofb-variations.Thecalculatedb-variationsforthewholeEarth,itshemispheres,quadrantsandtheepicentralregionsofsomelargeearthquakesareofbothlocalandregionalcharacter,whichmayindicatethatinsuchcases,thegeodynamicprocessesactingwithinacertainregionhaveamuchregionaleffectwithintheEarth.Theb-variationshavelongbeenknowntovarywithanumberoflocalandregionalfactorsincludingtectonicstresses.Theresultsreportedhereindicatethatgeotectonicstressremainsthemostsignificantfactorthatcontrolsb-variations.ItisfoundthatforearthquakeswithMwC7,anincreaseofabout0.20intheb-valueimpliesastressincreasethatwillresultinanearthquakewithamagnitudeoneunithigher.

简介：Inthispaper,basedonGansuDigitalSeismicNetworkdatasince1990,wecalculatedb-valueand⊿b-valueoftheneighborhoodareabeforethe2013Minxian-ZhangxianM_S6.6,earthquake.Theresultsshowthattheearthquakeoccurredatthemarginofthesignificantlylowerb-valueareainsoutheastofGansuandbeforetheearthquaketheneighborhoodareahadanobviouslyabnormal⊿b-value.Fromtheearthquakeandthespatialdistributionoflowb-value,theregionstillhasthepossibilityofgeneratingdangerousstrongearthquakes.

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简介：Micro-aftershockswithmagnituderangeof1.5-4aroundtheWenchuanearthquakeepicenter,thesouthernpartoftheLongmenshanfaultzone,exhibitgoodfrequency-magnitudelinearrelationships,thusenablingb-valueanalysis.Theaverageb-valueformicro-aftershocksofM1.5-4fromJulytoDecemberof2008inourlocalstudyregionisabout0.88,similartotheb-valueforallaftershocksofM3.0-5.5fromMay,2008toMay,2009alongthewholeLongmenshanfaultzone.Thesimilaritybetweenthelocalandregionalb-valuespossiblyindicatesthatthesouthernpartoftheLongmenshanfaultzonehassimilarseismogenicenvironmenttothewholeLongmenshanfaultzone.Alternatively,itmayalsoimplythatb-valuesderivedfromalleventswithoutconsiderationofstructuralvariationcannotdiscriminatelocal-scaletectonicinformation.Thepresentstudyshowsthattheb-valuefortheWenchuanearthquakemicro-aftershocksvarieswithdifferentregions.Theb-valueinsouthwestoftheYingxiutownishigherthanthatinthenortheastoftheYingxiutown.Thehighb-valueinthesouthwestpartwheretheWenchuanearthquakemainshockhypocenterlocatedindicatesthatthecurrentstressaroundthehypocenterregionismuchlowerthanitssurroundingarea.Theb-valuesarealsodependentondepth.Atshallowdepthsof<5km,theb-valuesareverysmall(~0.4),possiblybeingrelatedtostrongwaveattenuationorstrongheterogeneityinshallowlayerswithhighcontentofporosityandfractures.Atdepthsof~5-11km,wheremostaftershocksconcentrated,theb-valuesbecomeashighas~0.9-1.0.Atthedepthbelow~11km,theb-valuesdecreasewiththedepthincreasing,beingconsistentwithincreasingtectonichomogeneityandincreasingstresswithdepth.

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简介：SufficientconditionsweregiventoassertthatbetweenanytwoBanachspacesoverK,Fredholmmappingsshareatleastonevalueinaspecificopenball.Theproofoftheresultisconstructiveandbaseduponcontinuationmethods.

简介：为一家企业建模匹配它的顾客察觉了(并且需要的顾客)结果，仍然是一项进行中的任务。这篇论文考虑表演网络(SVN)接近的服务价值可能怎么样，答应当模特儿，；交付，前端企业理解；它与的直接约会它的立即(或前端)顾客。这些前端顾客可以是任何一个：(1)它的离线，在里面店顾客—与企业出售职员一起直接从事(或代表)，或(2)它的联机、虚拟顾客—经由因特网或遥远的存取与企业从事。处于这种状况，两企业，；顾客利用他们的各自的观点，；双方影响相互作用。对这些企业外部；顾客影响是捕获的另外的因素立即；更宽广的全球效果—称为的环境效果。影响的这三个生意顾客约会区域被一条SVNSEM途径捕获。没有一个生意顾客，某类型遇到一家服务企业的可能性，；一个勘探顾客，成功地从事一个交换过程被减少。这交换可以是一物理，；/or服务交换，；/or一个信息；/or想法交换。到企业，实际上，这相遇是一项贸易，；作为结果，企业指向获得将最终交付一张网的经济交换积极经济结果。到顾客，外部；内部信息喂，满足，察觉的价值，；满足，是关键相遇司机。SVN提供一个新方法理解生意顾客相遇，；为了然后利用，这获得了知识到也：(1)造一个战略管理模型，或(2)reengineer它的企业网络，；然后创造重新定位的、更排列顾客的企业操作—能够交付胜利的—赢，竞争生意顾客答案。

简介：Whilelastdecadehaswitnessedarapidgrowthofdigitaleconomy,thereislimitedunderstandinginliteratureonwhethertheconventionalwisdomonpricingstrategystillholdsforinformationgoods.Ononehand,informationgoods,similartodurablegoods,aresubjecttovaluedepreciation;ontheother,theydifferfromtraditionalgoodsinnegligiblemarginalcostandthesensitivitytosocialinfluences.Thispaperdevelopsatwo-period,game-theoreticmodeltoinvestigateoptimalpricingstrategyofinformationgoods.Ononedimension,twodifferentdepreciationmechanisms(self-andtime-depreciation)areconsidered;ontheother,twoprevalentpricingschemes(perpetuallicensingandsubscription-feemodels)arestudied.Weobtainclosed-formsolutionsinallscenarios.Ourfindingssuggestthatvendorsoftime-depreciationinformationgoodsshouldadoptsubscription-feemodeltoattractearlyadoptersandexploitsocialinfluences,whilethevendorsofself-depreciationinformationgoodsshouldstrategicallybalancebetweendepreciationandsocialinfluences.Interestingly,associalinfluencesbecomestrongenough,thedifferencebetweenpricingschemesdiminishesandthetradeoffbetweencandidatestrategiesvanishes.Wealsoextendthemodeltostaticpricinginwhichthevendorcommitstofutureprice.Wediscoverthatthesuperiorityofsubscription-feemodelmightbeoverturnedunderstaticpricing.Ourresultsabovealsoimplythatbuildingconsumerfeedbackandinteractionsystemscouldbehelpfulforminimizingthepotentiallossofasuboptimalpricingscheme.