简介:经合组织(OECD)在1995年到1998年起草的多边投资协定(MAI)草案,是一个高度自由化性质的多边投资条约草案,集中反映了西方国家关于自由化性质的国际投资多边立法的种种要求,也表露出MAI谈判方之间的种种矛盾和冲突,这些情况值得引起发展中国家的高度关注.OECD的MAI计划的搁浅,不仅说明发达国家对于何谓可接受的自由化多边投资规则尚不能形成一致的意见,也预示了未来综合性多边投资条约谈判应遵循的基本法则,即能够为各国广泛接受的综合性多边投资条约,必须同时反映不同国家的利益需求,谋求国家间利益的适当平衡.只有沿着建立新的国际经济秩序的方向前进,国际社会才有可能确立一个具有普遍效力的综合性、全球性多边投资条约.
简介:Sheng-Mai-San(SMS),awell-knownChinesemedicinalplantformula,iswidelyusedforthetreatmentofcardiacdiseasescharacterizedbydeficiencyofQiandYinsyndrome.Amousechronicintermittenthypoxia(CIH)modelwasestablishedtomimictheprimaryclinicalfeaturesofdeficiencyofQiandYinsyndrome.MiceexperiencedCIHfor28days(nadir7%topeak8%oxygen,20minperday),resultinginleftventricle(LV)dysfunctionandstructureabnormalities.AfteradministrationofSMS(0.55,1.1,and5.5g·kg-1·d-1)forfourweeks,improvedcardiacfunctionwasobserved,asindicatedbytheincreaseintheejectionfractionfromtheLVonechocardiography.SMSalsopreservedthestructuralintegrityoftheLVagainsteccentrichypotrophy,tissuevacuolization,andmitochondrialinjuryasmeasuredbyhistology,electronmicroscopy,andultrasoundassessments.Mechanistically,theantioxidanteffectsofSMSweredemonstrated;SMSwasabletosuppressmitochondrialapoptosisasindicatedbythereductionofseveralpro-apoptoticfactors(Bax,cytochromec,andcleavedcaspase-3)andup-regulationoftheanti-apoptosisfactorBcl-2.Inconclusion,theseresultsdemonstratethatSMStreatmentcanprotectthestructureandfunctionoftheLVandthattheprotectiveeffectsofthisformulaareassociatedwiththeregulationofthemitochondrialapoptosispathway.
简介:PhysiographyandsoilinMaeRimwatershed,ChiangMaiProvince,Thailandwereinvestigatedbyusingaerialphotographsandsatelliteimageinconjunctionwithfieldwork,andsoilinfiltrationrateandsoilshearresistanceweremeasuredinfield.ManyfactorsaffectingrunoffwereanalyzedusigtheIntegratedLandandWaterInformaitonSystem(ILWIS).Asaresult,amodeldeterminingfloodhazarwassetup.Threempsincludingrunoffcurvenumbermap,runoffcoefficentmap,andfloodinumdationmapwerecreated,Inaddition,thetimeofconcentrationwaspredicted.