简介：AbstractInfection of humans by Powassan virus (POWV) occurs rarely but is potentially life-threatening. First isolated in Ontario, Canada in 1958, the presence of POWV has been confirmed in three countries: Canada, the USA, and Russia. Although a limited number of human cases has been reported thus far, the infection rate has shown signs of increasing during the 21st century. Interestingly, POWV and a genetically close variant, deer tick virus (DTV), are the only member of the tick-borne flaviviruses known to be endemic in North America and maintain in respective tick-host cycles. In this review, we briefly summarize current knowledge involving the epidemiology and etiology, pathogenesis and immunity, molecular evolution, and protein functions of POWV, aiming to increase our understanding of the virus and unlock the potential to control this lethal pathogen. These data may also provide tools to minimize the future threat of other emerging and re-emerging viruses.

简介：AnewSuboptimalMaximumLikelihoodEstimation(SMLE)algorithmbasedonfull-derampmodelanditsimplementationinsatellite-borneradaraltimeterarepresented,withemphasisontheinfluenceofboththereturnfluctuationandthereceivernoiseonheightandslopeestimationprecision.Someconclusionsareobtainedandverifiedbycomputersimulation.

简介：Theresultsoftwoballoonsoundingsduringthesummerandautumnof1993fromtheXiangheObservationStationarebeingutilizedinastudyofthetemporalandspatialdistributionoftheatmosphericaerosols.Theballoon,gondola,instrumentationandatmosphericconditionsduringtheobservationperiodaredescribed.Thetemporalandspatialcharacteristicsofaerosolconcentration,sizeratio,mixingratio,andsizedistributionforbothtroposphereandstrato-spherearepresentedandanalyzed.

简介：带忍受卫星的GPS接收装置的HY-2卫星是第一颗中国雷达高度表卫星，决心精确其光线的轨道必须到达厘米水平。现在HY-2在测试阶段以便观察公开地没被释放。以便基于忍受卫星的GPS技术为HY-2学习精确轨道决心精确和过程，忍受卫星的GPS数据在这份报纸被模仿。HY-2忍受卫星的GPS天线能各收到至少七颗GPS卫星历元，它能验证GPS接收装置和天线设计。而且，处理流动被给的精确轨道决心和决心试验的精确轨道与还原剂动态的方法和运动学的几何学方法用HY-2-borneGPS数据被进行。与1和3个公里阶段数据随机错误，光线的轨道决心精确能用这二个方法完成厘米水平，运动学的轨道精确性比还原剂动态的轨道的稍微低。地球重力领域模型是严重影响高度表卫星的精确轨道决心的一个重要因素。还原剂动态的轨道决心实验与不同地球严肃领域模型一起被做，例如EIGEN2，EGM96，TEG4，和GEMT3。用很多高精确忍受卫星的GPS数据，HY-2精确轨道决心能与通常使用的地球严肃域模型一起到达厘米水平直到上面50度和订单。

简介：WeretrospectivelyanalyzedthetemporalandspatialvariationsoffourdifferentphysicalparameterscharacterizingthestateoftheatmosphereandionosphereseveraldaysbeforetheM9Tohoku,JapanearthquakeofMarch11,2011.Thedataincludeoutgoinglongwaveradiation(OLR),GPS/TEC,lowerEarthorbitionospherictomographyandcriticalfrequencyfoF2.OurfirstresultsshowthatonMarch7tharapidincreaseofemittedinfraredradiationwasobservedfromthesatellitedataandananomalydevelopedneartheepicenter.TheGPS/TECdataindicateanincreaseandvariationinelectrondensityreachingamaximumvalueonMarch8.StartingfromthisdayinthelowerionospherealsotherewasconfirmedanabnormalTECvariationovertheepicenter.FromMarch3to11alargeincreaseinelectronconcentrationwasrecordedatallfourJapaneseground-basedionosondes,whichreturnedtonormalafterthemainearthquake.ThejointpreliminaryanalysisofatmosphericandionosphericparametersduringtheM9Tohoku,Japanearthquakehasrevealedthepresenceofrelatedvariationsoftheseparametersimplyingtheirconnectionwiththeearthquakeprocess.Thisstudymayleadtoabetterunderstandingoftheresponseoftheatmosphere/ionospheretothegreatTohokuearthquake.

简介：DataobtainedbyGRACE(GravityRecoveryandClimateExperiment)havebeenusedtoinvertfortheseismicsourceparametersofmegathrustearthquakesundertheassumptionofeitheruniformslipoveranentirefaultorapoint-likeseismicsource.Herein,wefurtherextendtheinversionofGRACElong-wavelengthgravitychangestoheterogeneousslipdistributionsduringthe2011Tohokuearthquakeusingthreefaultmodels:(I)aconstant-strikeandconstant-dipfault,(II)avariabledipfault,and(III)arealisticallyvaryingstrikefault.Byremovingthepost-seismicsignalfromthetimeseries,andtakingtheeffectofoceanwaterredistributionintoaccount,weinvertforslipmodelsI,II,andIIIusingco-seismicgravitychangesmeasuredbyGRACE,de-stripedbyDDK3decorrelationfilter.Thetotalseismicmomentsofourslipmodels,withrespectivevaluesof4.9×1022Nm,5.1×1022Nm,and5.0×1022Nm,aresmallerthanthoseobtainedbyotherstudiesrelyingonGRACEdata.Theresultingcentroidsarealsolocatedatgreaterdepths(20km,19.8km,and17.4km,respectively).BycombiningonshoreGPS,GPS-Acoustic,andGRACEdata,weobtainajointlyinvertedslipmodelwithaseismicmomentof4.8×1022Nm,whichislargerthantheseismicmomentobtainedusingonlytheGPSdisplacements.Weshowthattheslipinvertedfromlowdegreespace-bornegravimetricdata,whichcontainsinformationattheoceanregion,isaffectedbythestrikeofthearcuatetrench.Thespace-bornegravimetricdatahelpusconstrainthesourceparametersofamegathrustearthquakewithintheframeofheterogeneousslipmodels.