简介：Thesmartgridhasbeensuchahottopicrecently.Inthispaperthehottopicsinthisfield,suchasthedefinitionandfeaturesofsmartgrid,keytechnicalproblemstobeaddressedsuchasnewsystemcomponents,newtypesoftransducersandmeasurementtechnologies,advancedinterfaces,event-drivenfast-simulateddecision-makingandcoordination,andadaptivecontrol,etc.,anddifficultiesareanalyzedanddiscussed.

简介：AbstractObjective:Labor is a complex process and labor pain presents challenges for analgesia. Epidural analgesia (EA) has a well-known analgesic effect and is commonly used during labor. This review summarized frequently encountered and controversial problems surrounding EA during labor, including the labor process and maternal intrapartum fever, to build knowledge in this area.Data sources:We searched for relevant articles published up to 2019 in PubMed using a range of search terms (eg, "labor pain," "epidural," "analgesia," "labor process," "maternal pyrexia," "intrapartum fever" ).Study selection:The search returned 835 articles, including randomized control trials, retrospective cohort studies, observational studies, and reviews. The articles were screened by title, abstract, and then full-text, with a sample independently screened by two authors. Thirty-eight articles were included in our final analysis; 20 articles concerned the labor process and 18 reported on maternal pyrexia during EA.Results:Four classic prospective studies including 14,326 participants compared early and delayed initiation of EA by the incidence of cesarean delivery. Early initiation following an analgesia request was preferred. However, it was controversial whether continuous use of EA in the second stage of labor induced adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes due to changes in analgesic and epidural infusion regimens. There was a high incidence of maternal pyrexia in women receiving EA and women with placental inflammation or histologic chorioamnionitis compared with those receiving systemic opioids.Conclusions:Early EA (cervical dilation ≥1 cm) does not increase the risk for cesarean section. Continuous epidural application of low doses of analgesics and programmed intermittent epidural bolus do not prolong second-stage labor duration or impact maternal and neonatal outcomes. The association between EA and maternal pyrexia remains controversial, but pyrexia is more common with EA than without. A non-infectious inflammatory process is an accepted mechanism of epidural-related maternal fever.

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简介：一、总论反恐怖主义战争已经使美国电视网的新闻发生了巨大的变化.这是对"9.11"恐怖主义袭击事件发生前后的晚间和早间新闻进行研究后得出的结论.在"9.11"事件之前,早间新闻充斥着有关名人的报道和生活类新闻,这些内容甚至也成了晚间新闻的"重头戏".一项名为"优质新闻"的研究项目显示,在"9.11"之后,这些新闻都让位于近十年来很难看到的传统的严肃新闻.