粘附因子OPN在生殖领域的研究进展

(整期优先)网络出版时间:2019-12-17
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粘附因子OPN在生殖领域的研究进展

王央央

浙江省杭州市浙江大学医学院附属邵逸夫医院,310016

[摘要] 骨桥蛋白(osteopontin,OPN)是一种具有多种功能的分泌型钙结合磷酸化

糖蛋白,又称为早期T淋巴细胞活化因子1或分泌型磷酸蛋白,因其在肿瘤细胞的粘附、浸润、迁移及新血管生成过程中起关键作用,也称为"肿瘤转移基因"[1]。在子宫内膜OPN是由腺上皮和腔上皮分泌的一种蛋白,在孕激素作用下表达上调,位于分泌细胞的轴面。近年来的研究表明,OPN通过RGD位点结合αvβ3,同时具有与其它integrin结合的位点,腔上皮表面的OPN-αvβ3复合物利于胚胎粘附。也有些研究发现RIF和正常生育力妇女的αvβ3表达无明显差异。本文拟就近年来关于OPN在的研究进展进行综述,特别是生殖领域的进展进行综述。

[关键词]OPN 胚胎着床 肿瘤 生殖

1.OPN的结构和功能

人的OPN编码基因位于染色体4ql3上(小鼠位于5号染色体), 相对分子量约为44kd[1],含有7个外显子及6个内含子,所编码的OPN蛋白为带负电荷的糖基化磷蛋白,富含精氨酸、天冬氨酸和谷氨酸,称为RGD序列(精氨酸一甘氨酸一天冬氨酸,Arg一Glu一ASP),这一序列与许多细胞外基质蛋白的粘附序列相同,对OPN的粘附功能起着重要作用[2]。OPN还可由人胎盘的绒毛滋养细胞分泌, 可通过促进细胞间的粘附、诱导细胞趋化使滋养层迁徙 , 从而调节早期妊娠时胚胎的着床和胎盘形成[3]。

2. OPN与整合素的关系

整合素是细胞膜表面的由α,β亚单位构成的二聚体糖蛋白受体,其配体存在多样性, 参与细胞-细胞及细胞-基质间的粘附。整合素有许多家族成员,目前,已发现了24种整合素的亚单位(16个α和8 个β)[14]。其中αvβ3是研究的最多的。α1、α4、αv、和β3整在子宫内膜中的表达跟随月经周期发生改变[5]。

OPN 通过 RGD 序列与细胞表面整合素 αvβ1、αvβ3、αvβ5、αvβ6、 αvβ8、α4β1、α5β1 和 α8β1 等结合,并通过非 RGD 序列与整 合素 α4β1 和 α9β1 结合,介导糖蛋白与细胞间的黏附过程, 引起局部黏附,改变细胞骨架,促进细胞游离[6]。OPN 同时与子宫内膜表面和胚泡滋养 层细胞表面表达的整合素 αvβ3 结合,形成一个识别复合物: OPN 处于两整合素分子之间,介导胚泡与子宫内膜的黏附和植入[7].在分泌期,细胞表面的的整合素αvβ3通过与子宫内膜和蜕膜中表达的OPN结合,介导细胞与细胞外基质的黏附,参与胚胎种植和发育等一系列重要生理和病理过程[4]。

3. OPN在生殖生理领域的研究进展

多年来,诸多生殖领域工作者始终致力于胚胎着床分子机制的研究,已有许多重大突破。目前人类胚胎着床期黏附分子在决定内膜容受性方面的作用及机制仍尚不明确。内膜容受性有显著的卵巢甾体激素依赖的特点,允许功能性和暂时性的囊胚黏附,我们称之为“种植窗”,在孕激素触发或作用4~5天后出现并可持续至9~10天[8,9,14,15,16]。胚胎着床是一个序贯的过程,包括了胚胎的定位,粘附和侵袭。OPN和它的配体整合素αvβ3的表达在着床期期表达水平最高[18-25],提示整合素αvβ3可能参与了胚胎与子宫内膜最初期的接触,起到中介作用[10]。腔上皮表面的OPN-αvβ3复合物利于胚胎粘附[11,26,27,28]。在老鼠模型上,通过注射特异的抗体功能性阻断内膜的OPN和它的配体整合素αvβ3,能发现种植率显著地下降[12,13],进一步说明了OPN-αvβ3在胚胎种植过程中的重要性。而小鼠的αvβ3和OPN的敲除实验同样发现被敲除组胚胎的粘附力下降[36,37]。然而也有相关研究得出不一样的结论,在反复种植失败的女性中αvβ3表达水平和正常女性无统计学差异[29-32,35]。一些研究发现通过IVF成功怀孕的女性中αvβ3的表达升高[33],而另一些研究αvβ3的表达升高降低妊娠率[34]。

4.结语

OPN与特定的配体结合介导糖蛋白与细胞间的黏附过程, 引起局部黏附,改变细胞骨架,促进细胞游离。在生殖生理研究领域,尤其是胚胎着床过程中所扮演的角色有待进一步的深入研究。在反复胚胎着床失败及行辅助生育治疗超促排卵后的非生理激素环境中的改变尚未见有研究报道。

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