体验式英语完形填空训练法探析

体验式 英语完形填空训练法探析

廖和平

江苏省江阴市祝塘 中学 江苏 江阴 214415

摘要：完形填空作为一种测试学生英语学习效果、锻炼其语篇能力的手段，因为其有效性，已经存在很多年了。同时，它对我们的英语教学也起到了很好的促进作用，相信它还会继续以考查形式存在下去。但它却是教师的教学、学生的学习和应考的难点。近来，笔者根据组织心理学家大卫库伯（David Kolb）的体验式学习理论，探索了以学生亲身体验为基础的“阶梯式训练法”。其原理是：万丈高楼平地起。以学生体验语用为主线，按由浅入深、由简到难的法则，用灵活多变的训练形式，提供丰富多彩的内容，设计身临其境的语言氛围，让学生的语篇理解能力拾级而上，使学生的理解能力、分析能力、逻辑思维能力得以提高，从而到达做好完形填空的目的。

关键词：完形填空；体验式学习；变式练习；阶梯式训练

一、引言

体验式学习进入学校学科领域可追溯到上个世纪初。20世纪二、三十年代，美国不少教育心理学家就提出“经验学习”的课题。当时的美国教育也正像今天的中国一样，出现了“反传统教育”的热潮――反对由教师在课堂上向学生传授课本知识的单一教育方式。著名教育家杜威提出了“教育即生活”、“教育即经验”、“在做中学”的教育思想。他给教育下了一个专门的定义:“教育就是经验的改造和改组。”这种改造或改组,既能增加经验的意义,又能提高后来经验进程的能力。

20世纪80年代, 伴随建构主义的兴起，组织心理学家大卫库伯（David Kolb）吸收杜威、罗杰斯等人的合理思想, 提出了著名的四阶段“体验式学习圈模型”。在他的著作《体验学习：体验—学习发展的源泉》（Experiential learning as the source of learning and development）中提出了颇有影响的体验式学习理论。书中展现了库伯建构的一个学习模型，即体验-反思-理论-应运-体验，形成一个学习循环，学习者在体验中认知。库伯（2008）认为，学习应从体验开始，才能激发学习者潜能，提高学习效率。四阶段体验学习圈界定学习是基于体验的持续过程，包括具体体验、反思观察、抽象概括和行动应用。

二、在体验中进行变式训练

国内许多专家，尤其是高中一线教师，在教学方式、学习方法、应试技巧等方面已经做了大量的研究工作。但我们可以看出，此类研究基本上都落在技巧点拨和成套的练习上，研究成果都是练习册。比如，《完形填空专项训练》、《完形填空解题技巧与训练》、《如何做好完形填空》、《英语完形填空答题技巧》等等。

而笔者根据体验式学习理论，以学生体验语用为主线，按由浅入深、由简到难的法则，用灵活多变的训练形式，提供丰富多彩的内容，设计身临其境的语言氛围，让学生的语篇理解能力拾级而上，使学生的理解能力、分析能力、逻辑思维能力得以提高，从而到达做好完形填空的目的。将练习变化形式。比如：

1．根据首字母和句意完成句子。

例如： 1) Einstein wanted to be a p when he was fourteen years old.

2) The doctor told him to take this m three times a day.

3) N can make me turn traitor against my country.

2．根据首字母填空，使短文连贯通畅。

例如：Drawing a picture is the simplest way of putting an idea down on paper. That is how m first began to write six thousand years ago or l . The alphabet we now use c down to us over a long period of time. It was d from the picture-writing of ancient Egypt.

3．用学生自己认为适当的单词的正确形式填入空白中完成句子。

例如：1. I think it difficult to a foreign language.

2. Having applied for a long time, she was finally as a member of the club.

4．选用所给词汇的适当形式填空,使短文连贯通畅。

例如：

suffer popular unique laugh sell buy

Zhao Benshan is a very comedian. He has his _____ way to make the audience . In one of his comedies, he wanted to a very healthy young man a wheelchair. At first the young man wouldn’t buy it. But in a few seconds, Zhao made him believe that he was ______ from a very serious leg disease and showed how much he was concerned with him. The young man changed his mind and ended up the wheelchair!

5. 根据短文填入恰当的单词使上下文通顺连贯

例如：I called the owner of the restaurant and asked what the man had wanted. “Well,” he said, “that man was a detective. He you here because he thought you were the man he was looking for.” “What?” I said, showing my . The owner continued, “He came into the kitchen and showed me a of the wanted man. I must say he looked very much like you! Of course, since we know you, we told him that he had made a .” “Well, it’s really I came to a restaurant where I’m known,” I said. “Otherwise, I might have been in .”

三、在体验中进行阶梯式训练

用梯级训练法让学生在体验中使其能力拾级而上。

1.把体验式学习理论运用到完形填空的训练中。比如，学生可以自己选短文、自己挖空、自己设选项、同桌讨论、小组讨论等方法，均可让学生体验完形填空的全过程，从而，学生可以探究出做完形填空的规律。

2.用归纳法把经过一段时间训练之后的得失进行总结归纳。比如，个人归纳、小组归纳、班级归纳、教师归纳、师生归纳等等。

3.用演绎法把归纳的得失演绎到下一步实验中。比如，把自己挖空变为小组讨论挖空，再经小组讨论设选项，并交给另一小组完成答题；另一小组也在讨论中答题。

1）学生自己挖空，同学填空：

要求学生先认真阅读短文，深刻理解短文的意义和情境，再用铅笔涂去他们自己认为可以挖空的单词，并记住它们，或按顺序写在纸上，然后交换给同桌并填出该单词。如有困难或争议，可以讨论也可以从他们设空的初衷加以提示。

例 如：Two years ago, my husband bought me a bicycle. If you live in a town, it is often faster than a car and you don't have to worry about parking. You can leave it anywhere. As it has a seat at the back and a basket at the front, I can take my small daughter to school, to the library, shopping, anywhere in fact. I use it most in summer when the weather is warm and dry. It can be very unpleasant in winter when it is cold and the rain is pouring down. It can also be very dangerous. You must of course be careful on a bicycle. Accidents are not the only problem though. One day I went shopping and came back to find my front wheel was missing. It was a long walk to the bicycle shop! Now I have three strong locks. My husband uses my bicycle sometimes for short journeys. He says it is better than waiting for a bus. He still uses his car for longer journeys, but I think that all this sitting down is making him fat and lazy. On my bicycle I get a lot of exercise and fresh air, and this makes me feel a lot younger.

2）微型完形填空

We arrived in Spain for the first time a few weeks ago. I decided to _____ a car because we had sold the one we had in England before _____ home.

1. A. borrow B. drive C. buy D. choose

2. A. leaving B. making C. returning D. getting

3）真题完形填空

On the night of the play, Jack was at the theatre early and he was already dressed in a policeman's clothes long 1 the end of the first scene. He certainly looked the part all right, he thought as he 2 himself in the mirror. He 3 thought of going out into the street to see 4 he could pass as 5 out there. Just for 6 , of course.

1. A. before B. by C. after D. at

2. A. looked B. showed C. admired D. enjoyed

3. A. just B. even C. still D. already

4. A. how B. why C. as if D. whether

5. A. policeman B. inspector C. officer D. manager

6. A. joke B. fun C. play D. exercise

大量的活动证明，通过具有学生体验的语言学习，提高了学习兴趣，弄懂完形填空的机理，使用完形填空的变式训练方法，改变单一的练习形式，并按照学生的认知规律为主线，贯彻由低到高拾级而上的策略，逐一解决学生在做完形填空时遇到的问题，如，句意理解、篇章理解、语言逻辑、作者态度、情感语气、固定搭配、词语辨析、文化背景等等，同时还要解决学生做题的不良习惯，如，只看局部不联系上下文、死扣词汇的汉语意思、不管文章的情感态度等等。

四、结论

1.通过教学反思，不难看出以体验式学习理论为基础的训练方法促进了学生的学的方式的转变，学生的学习可以形成体验式学习圈、可以锻炼独立思考与合作学习的能力；

2.看似在训练学生的应试能力，但实际上是在培养学生的综合能力。学生在这一活动中，能够更加清楚地认识完形填空作为一种考查形式在语言学习中的作用，得到更多的体验运用英语的机会，鼓励学生之间的交流，提升学生的学习能力，提高学习效益，从而到达减轻学习负担的目的。

参考文献

［1］沈冬梅. 基于高中英语教学实践与反思［M］. 广东教育出版社，2012.

［2］王海啸. 体验式外语学习的教学原则——从理论到实践［J］.中国外语，2010(1).

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