简介：AbstractAllergic contact dermatitis is a common clinical allergic disease. The patch test is the gold standard for finding and clarifying contact allergens. With the deepening understanding of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical manifestations of contact dermatitis, as well as the increased requirements for the standardized application of patch tests, the relevant consensus needs to be continuously updated. This consensus is updated on the basis of the version issued in 2015. In this revised version, it refines the selection of clinical indications, improves the judgment and interpretation of results, adds delayed detection and patient education, and so on, which aims to further standardize clinical applications and improve the value of patch test.

简介：AbstractArtificial intelligence (AI) has proven time and time again to be a game-changer innovation in every walk of life, including medicine. Introduced by Dr. Gunn in 1976 to accurately diagnose acute abdominal pain and list potential differentials, AI has since come a long way. In particular, AI has been aiding in radiological diagnoses with good sensitivity and specificity by using machine learning algorithms. With the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, AI has proven to be more than just a tool to facilitate healthcare workers in decision making and limiting physician-patient contact during the pandemic. It has guided governments and key policymakers in formulating and implementing laws, such as lockdowns and travel restrictions, to curb the spread of this viral disease. This has been made possible by the use of social media to map severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 hotspots, laying the basis of the "smart lockdown" strategy that has been adopted globally. However, these benefits might be accompanied with concerns regarding privacy and unconsented surveillance, necessitating authorities to develop sincere and ethical government–public relations.

简介：摘要神经退行性疾病是一类严重危害人类健康的中枢神经系统变性疾病。补体3(C3)-补体3a受体(C3aR)通路是经典补体激活的重要通路之一。大量研究显示C3-C3aR通路可以介导调节星形胶质细胞-小胶质细胞轴相互作用于神经元，导致中枢神经系统功能改变；C3-C3aR通路与阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病、脑卒中、癫痫等神经退行性疾病的发生发展密切相关。本文围绕C3-C3aR通路在几种重要的神经退行性疾病中的研究进展进行综述，旨在讨论C3-C3aR通路在相关神经退行性疾病中的作用，从而为相关疾病的治疗提供一种新的思路。

简介：AbstractBackground:Despite major reductions in malaria burden across Myanmar, clusters of the disease continue to persist in specific subregions. This study aimed to assess the predictors of test positivity among people living in Paletwa Township of Chin State, an area of persistently high malaria burden.Methods:Four villages with the highest malaria incidence from Paletwa Township were purposively selected. The characteristics of 1045 subjects seeking malaria diagnosis from the four assigned village health volunteers from January to December, 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. Their household conditions and surroundings were also recorded using a checklist. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression models were applied to investigate potential associations between individual and household characteristics and malaria diagnosis.Results:In 2017, the Paletwa township presented 20.9% positivity and an annual parasite index of 46.9 cases per 1000 people. Plasmodium falciparum was the predominant species and accounted for more than 80.0% of all infections. Among 1045 people presenting at a clinic with malaria symptoms, 31.1% were diagnosed with malaria. Predictors for test positivity included living in a hut [adjusted odds ratios (a OR): 2.3, 95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.2-4.6], owning farm animals (aOR: 1.7, 95% CI: 1.1-3.6), using non-septic type of toilets (aOR: 1.9, 95% CI: 1.1-8.4), presenting with fever (aOR: 1.9, 95% CI: 1.1-3.0), having a malaria episode within the last year (aOR: 2.9, 95% CI: 1.4-5.8), traveling outside the village in the previous 14 days (aOR: 4.5, 95% CI: 1.5-13.4), and not using bed nets (a OR: 3.4, 95% CI: 2.3-5.1). There were no statistically significant differences by age or gender in this present analysis.Conclusions:The results from this study, including a high proportion of P. falciparum infections, little difference in age, sex, or occupation, suggest that malaria is a major burden for these study villages. Targeted health education campaigns should be introduced to strengthen synchronous diagnosis-seeking behaviors, tighten treatment adherence, receiving a diagnosis after traveling to endemic regions, and using bed nets properly. We suggest increased surveillance, early diagnosis, and treatment efforts to control the disease and then to consider the local elimination.

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简介：摘要目的探讨肾小球补体C1q及C3c沉积与糖尿病肾病进展的相关性。方法纳入2011年1月至2019年7月在南京医科大学第一附属医院确诊的2型糖尿病肾病患者112例，其中男性83例（74.1%），年龄（51.22±11.12）岁，随访时间19.0（8.5，31.3）个月。根据肾小球C1q和C3c是否沉积分为四组：C1q无沉积C3c无沉积组（n=38）、C1q无沉积C3c沉积组（n=24）、C1q沉积C3c无沉积组（n=14）和C1q沉积C3c沉积组（n=36），检测24 h尿蛋白等临床指标并收集病理资料。采用Cox回归及Kaplan-Meier生存曲线评估肾C1q和C3c沉积对肾脏预后的影响。结果四组间24 h尿蛋白差异有统计学意义［分别为1.84（0.92，3.89），4.19（2.09，6.50）3.30（1.84，6.70），3.64（2.49，7.22）g/24 h，P<0.01］，C1q沉积C3c沉积组24 h尿蛋白定量显著高于C1q无沉积C3c无沉积组（P<0.01）。Kaplan-Meier生存曲线结果提示，四组累积生存率差异有统计学意义（Log-rank χ²=8.785，P<0.05），C1q沉积C3c无沉积组累计生存率最低，预后最差。调整后的多因素Cox分析显示，肾小球C1q和C3c共沉积［风险比（HR）2.260，95%可信区间1.329~3.845，P<0.01］、肾小球C1q+C3c+IgM均沉积（HR=4.142，95%可信区间 1.071~16.021，P<0.05）是肾脏预后的独立危险因素。结论肾小球C1q及C3c沉积与糖尿病肾病患者蛋白尿、较差的肾功能和预后不良相关，且肾小球C1q和C3c共沉积是糖尿病肾病进展的独立危险因素。

简介：AbstractBackground:The elimination of Plasmodium vivax malaria requires 8-aminoquinolines, which are contraindicated in patients with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency due to the risk of acute haemolytic anaemia. Several point-of-care devices have been developed to detect G6PD deficiency. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the performance of two of these devices against G6PD genotypes in Mauritania.Methods:Outpatients were screened for G6PD deficiency using CareStart™ rapid diagnostic test (RDT) and CareStart™ G6PD biosensor in Nouakchott, Mauritania, in 2019-2020. African-type and Mediterranean-type G6PD genotypes commonly observed in Africa were determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism and sequencing. Qualitative variables were compared using Fisher’s exact test.Results:Of 323 patients (74 males and 249 females), 5 males and 2 homozygous females had the African-type A-genotype: A-(202) in 3 males and 2 females and G6PD A-(968) in 2 males. Among heterozygous females, 13 carried G6PD A-(202), 12 G6PD A-(968), and 3 G6PD A-(542) variants. None had the Mediterranean-type G6PD genotype. Eight had a positive G6PD RDT result, including all 7 hemizygous males and homozygous females with A- or A-A- (0.12 to 2.34 IU/g haemoglobin, according to G6PD biosensor), but RDT performed poorly (sensitivity, 11.1% at the cutoff level of < 30%) and yielded many false negative tests. Thirty-seven (50.0%) males and 141 (56.6%) females were anaemic. The adjusted median values of G6PD activity were 5.72 and 5.34 IU/g haemoglobin in non-anaemic males (n = 35) and non-anaemic males and females (n = 130) with normal G6PD genotypes using G6PD biosensor, respectively. Based on the adjusted median of 5.34 IU/g haemoglobin, the performance of G6PD biosensor against genotyping was as follows: at 30% cut-off, the sensitivity and specificity were 85.7% and 91.7%, respectively, and at 80% cut-off, the sensitivity was 100% while the specificity was 64.9%.Conclusions:Although this pilot study supports the utility of biosensor to screen for G6PD deficiency in patients, further investigation in parallel with spectrophotometry is required to promote and validate a more extensive use of this point-of-care device in areas where P. vivax is highly prevalent in Mauritania.

简介：摘要目的评价NG-Test Carba5对耐碳青霉烯肠杆菌科细菌（CRE）中碳青霉烯酶的检测能力。方法收集2018—2022年中国21个省77家医院的1 210株CRE菌株，采用NG-Test Carba5快速检测菌株中的碳青霉烯酶酶型，以全基因组测序结果为金标准，比较分析NG-Test Carba5的检测性能。结果NG-Test Carba5对不同菌属CRE菌株中的5大类碳青霉烯酶［肺炎克雷伯菌碳青霉烯酶（KPC）、新德里金属β内酰胺酶（NDM）、亚胺培南酶（IMP）、维罗纳整合子编码金属β内酰胺酶（VIM）、苯唑西林酶（OXA）-48］均表现出优异的检测性能，其敏感度达98.47%（1 161/1 179），特异度100%（31/31），阳性预测值为100%（1 161/1 161）。NG-Test Carba5对OXA-48、NDM、IMP和VIM酶的敏感度为100%（307/307），对KPC酶的检测敏感度为97.70%（763/781）。对于11株产KPC-25、KPC-78和KPC-93型KPC突变体的菌株，NG-Test Carba5可报告所有KPC酶阳性（11/11），但对于产KPC-33、KPC-77型KPC突变体的菌株，NG-Test Carba5未能检出KPC酶。此外，对于同时产2种或3种碳青霉烯酶的CRE菌株，NG-Test Carba5的敏感度达100%（91/91）。结论NG-Test Carba5对于CRE菌株中的碳青霉烯酶的快速检测显示出优异的检测性能。然而，对于NG-Test Carba5检测阴性的菌株，必须结合其他表型检测及基因型检测方法以避免漏检。

简介：AbstractBackground:As a non-invasive and effective diagnostic method for small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), wild-use of breath test (BT) has demonstrated a high comorbidity rate in patients with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D) and SIBO. Patients overlapping with SIBO respond better to rifaximin therapy than those with IBS-D only. Gut microbiota plays a critical role in both of these two diseases. We aimed to determine the microbial difference between IBS-D overlapping with/without SIBO, and to study the underlying mechanism of its sensitivity to rifaximin.Methods:Patients with IBS-D were categorized as BT-negative (IBSN) and BT-positive (IBSP). Healthy volunteers (BT-negative) were enrolled as healthy control. The patients were clinically evaluated before and after rifaximin treatment (0.4 g bid, 4 weeks). Blood, intestine, and stool samples were collected for cytokine assessment and gut microbial analyses.Results:Clinical complaints and microbial abundance were significantly higher in IBSP than in IBSN. In contrast, severe systemic inflammation and more active bacterial invasion function that were associated with enrichment of opportunistic pathogens were seen in IBSN. The symptoms of IBSP patients were relieved in different degrees after therapy, but the symptoms of IBSN rarely changed. We also found that the presence of IBSN-enriched genera (Enterobacter and Enterococcus) are unaffected by rifaximin therapy.Conclusions:IBS-D patients overlapping with SIBO showed noticeably different fecal microbial composition and function compared with IBS-D only. The better response to rifaximin in those comorbid patients might associate with their different gut microbiota, which suggests that BT is necessary before IBS-D diagnosis and use of rifaximin.Registration:Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, ChiCTR1800017911.

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简介：摘要目的探讨1例Bweak亚型个体的分子机制。方法选取2016年12月5日于浙江省血液中心献血的1例受试者为研究对象。利用血清学方法鉴定受试者的ABO表型，用体外酶活性试验测定其血清中B糖基转移酶(GTB)的活性。用PCR扩增ABO基因第5 ~ 7外显子及侧翼序列并确定其基因型，采用T-A克隆技术分离单倍体并进行测序验证。用ProtParam和PSIPRED软件分析蛋白的一级理化性质和二级结构。用PolyPhen-2、SIFT、PROVEAN三种软件分析错义变异对蛋白的作用效应。结果受试者血清学检测为Bweak亚型，血清中存在抗B抗体。体外酶活性试验显示其GTB活性显著降低。单倍体克隆测序分析发现B等位基因上存在c.398T>C错义变异，为一个新的B等位基因，可导致GTB第133位的苯丙氨酸替换为丝氨酸(p.Phe133Ser)。生物信息学分析提示上述替换对蛋白的一级和二级结构影响不明显，但变异蛋白的热力学能量增加6.07 kcal/mol，严重降低了热稳定性，生物信息学预测该变异对蛋白功能有害。结论新等位基因ABO*B.01-398C是引起Bweak亚型抗原弱表达的机制，生物信息学分析有助于评估其结构和功能的变化。

简介：AbstractMany factors have been identified as having the ability to affect the sensitivity of rapid antigen detection (RAD) tests for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This study aimed to identify the impact of sample processing on the sensitivity of the RAD tests. We explored the effect of different inactivation methods, viral transport media (VTM) solutions, and sample preservation on the sensitivity of four RAD kits based on two SARS-CoV-2 strains. Compared with non-inactivation, heat inactivation significantly impacted the sensitivity of most RAD kits; however, β-propiolactone inactivation only had a minor effect. Some of the VTM solutions (VTM2, MANTACC) had a significant influence on the sensitivity of the RAD kits, especially for low viral-loads samples. The detection value of RAD kits was slightly decreased, while most of them were still in the detection range with the extension of preservation time and the increase of freeze-thaw cycles. Our results showed that selecting the appropriate inactivation methods and VTM solutions is necessary during reagent development, performance evaluation, and clinical application.

简介：AbstractBackground:Zoonotic schistosomiasis, caused by Schistosoma japonicum, remains a major public health problem in the Philippines. This study aimed to evaluate the commercially available rapid diagnostic point-of-care circulating cathodic antigen (POC-CCA) test in detecting individuals infected with S. japonicum in a human cohort from an endemic area for schistosomiasis japonica in the Philippines.Methods:Clinical samples were collectedin 18 barangays endemic for S. japonicum infection in Laoang and Palapag municipalities, Northern Samar, the Philippines, in 2015. The presence of CCA in filter-concentrated urine samples (n = 412) was evaluated using the commercial kits and the results were converted to images, which were further analyzed by ImageJ software to calculate R values. The diagnostic performance of the immunochromatographic POC-CCA test was compared using the Kato-Katz (KK) procedure, in-house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and droplet digital (dd) PCR assays as reference.Results:The POC-CCA test was able to detect S. japonicum-infected individuals in the cohort with an eggs per gram of faeces (EPG) more than or equal to 10 with sensitivity/specificity values of 63.3%/93.3%. However, the assay showed an inability to diagnose schistosomiasis japonica infections in all cohort KK-positive individuals, of which the majority had an extremely low egg burden (EPG: 1-9). The prevalence of S. japonicum infection in the total cohort determined by the POC-CCA test was 12.4%, only half of that determined by the KK method (26.2%). When compared with the ELISAs and ddPCR assays as a reference, the POC-CCA assay was further shown to be a test with low sensitivity. Nevertheless, the assay exhibited significant positive correlations with egg burden determined by the KK technique and the target gene copy number index values determined by the ddPCR assays within the entire cohort.Conclusions:By using in silico image analysis, the POC-CCA cassette test could be converted to a quantitative assay to avoid reader-variability. Because of its low sensitivity, the commercially available POC-CCA assay had limited potential for determining the status of a S. japonicum infection in the target cohort. The assay should be applied with caution in populations where schistosome parasites (especially S. japonicum) are present at low infection intensity.

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简介：摘要目的对1例智力障碍患者的 TRIP12基因进行变异分析，明确其致病原因。方法应用全外显子测序及Sanger测序验证，并对其家系成员进行验证。结果测序结果显示先证者 TRIP12基因存在c.40C>T(p.Arg14X)杂合无义变异，其父母该位点未检测到变异，为新发变异(de novo)，查阅人类基因变异数据库未见该变异类型报道。根据美国医学遗传学及基因组学学会遗传变异解读指南，c.40C>T变异判定为致病性变异(PVS1＋PS2＋PP3)。结论这例患者为 TRIP12基因c.40C>T杂合变异导致的常染色体显性遗传智力障碍。

简介：AbstractBackground:Aberrant activation of the complement system plays an important role in the pathogenesis and development of immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN). The relationship between serum complement and the clinical-histopathological features and outcomes of IgAN is controversial. This retrospective study aimed to examine the relationship between the complement 3/4 (C3/C4) ratio and the clinicopathologic changes and prognosis of patients with IgAN.Methods:A total of 397 patients with primary IgAN from January 2007 to December 2012 at the Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital were included in this study. The correlation test and Chi-square test or one-way analysis of variance test were performed to evaluate the relationship between the C3/C4 ratio and other clinical-pathological factors. Propensity score matching and a multivariate Cox regression model were used to calculate the risk factors of renal outcome.Results:The median follow-up period was 75 months. During the follow-up period, 62 patients (15.6%) developed into the end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The C3/C4 ratio at baseline was associated with the level of serum creatinine (SCr), 24 h urinary protein excretion (24 h Upre), global glomerular sclerosis, and tubulointerstitial lesion. The level of SCr and 24 h Upre and the degree of chronic kidney injury were statistically different among groups defined by different C3/C4 ratio levels. The survival rates of patients among groups with different C3/C4 ratio levels were different. After propensity score matching, eighty-eight pairs of patients were successfully matched, and the C3/C4 ratio was an influencing factor for the patients’ outcome (hazard ratio 0.587, 95% confidence interval 0.329-0.880). Patients with a C3/C4 ratio <3.6 had a poorer outcome compared with the others (P = 0.002).Conclusions:IgAN patients with decreased C3/C4 ratio displayed significantly more severe clinical symptoms and chronic renal injury than patients with higher ratios. A low C3/C4 ratio could be a risk factor for patients developing to ESRD.

简介：AbstractObjectives:To investigate the prevalence of ACADM pathogenic variants, c.985A>G and c.199T>C, for medium chain acyl CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MCADD) in a healthy population in the southern region of Brazil.Methods:This was an observational cross-sectional study with a convenience sampling strategy. The participants were recruited from the blood bank of the Hospital de Clínicas of Porto Alegre, Brazil. A total of 1000 healthy individuals from the state of Rio Grande do Sul were included. Genotyping for the c.199T>C and c.985A>G variants was performed using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) technique, respectively. Individuals considered heterozygous for c.985A>G were subjected to additional acylcarnitine profile analysis using tandem mass spectrometry. Carrier frequency was obtained by calculating the ratio of heterozygous individuals to the total number of individuals analyzed and reported with a 95% confidence interval. Allele and genotype frequencies were calculated based on the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.Results:The c.985A>G variant was detected as heterozygotes in three individuals (frequency of the heterozygous genotype = 1:333, allele frequency= 0.0015, minimum frequency of MCADD= 1:444,444) whose acylcarnitine profiles were within normal limits. The c.199T>C variant was not identified.Conclusions:Considering the small sample size and associated allelic heterogeneity with MCADD, these findings are believed to denote the rarity or underdiagnosis of MCADD in southern Brazil. This study provides evidence for the need for further investigation to ascertain the contribution of these diseases to child morbidity and mortality in the country.

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简介：摘要目的通过骨盆解锁复位架辅助复位微创治疗Tile C2、C3型骨盆骨折，探讨其治疗经验、适应证及临床疗效。方法回顾性收集2016年1月至2019年7月采用闭合复位微创固定治疗的20例Tile C2、C3型骨盆骨折患者资料，其中男7例，女13例；年龄（35.6±14.6）岁（范围12~60岁）；伤后至手术时间（19.3±7.1）d（范围5~30 d）。骨盆骨折Tile分型：C2型13例，C3型7例。2例合并同侧或双侧腰骶干神经损害表现，均为部分损伤，英国医学研究委员会（British Medical Research Council，BMRC）分级均为M3级。手术采用闭合复位微创固定方式进行治疗，先将移位明显的一侧用骨盆解锁复位架固定在手术床上，牵引移位程度小的一侧，复位后置入该侧S1、S2贯穿骶髂螺钉导针至对侧骶骨骨折处；再更换牵引，将复位的一侧固定在手术床上，改牵引移位明显的一侧，复位理想后，将打入的贯穿导针穿过对侧骶髂关节至髂骨外板，再拧入贯穿骶髂螺钉，合并髋臼骨折患者采用相应的入路进行复位固定，前环均采用INFIX固定。记录手术时间、术中出血量及术后并发症，采用Matta标准评价骨折复位质量，Majeed评分评价临床疗效。结果20例均顺利完成手术，手术时间（167.00±31.21）min（范围105~210 min）；术中出血量（82.00±5.36）ml（范围30~100 ml）；术后Matta复位评价标准：优14例，良4例，可2例，总优良率90%。2例出现股外侧皮神经损害表现症状，余无手术相关并发症；随访1~4年，骨折均愈合，愈合时间6~12周，无骨折复位丢失、内固定失效等并发症出现；术后1年复查时，2例腰骶干神经损害表现患者症状完全缓解。Majeed临床疗效评分，优18例，良2例，总优良率100%。结论闭合复位微创固定治疗骨盆C2、C3型骨折，具有损伤小、效果好的特点，将成为骨盆骨折治疗的一种趋势。