简介：Amathematicalmodelhasbeenformulatedinaccordancewithcellchemotaxisandrelevantexperimentaldata.Athree-dimensionallatticeBoltzmannmethodwasusedfornumericalsimulation.Thepresentstudyobservedtheeffectsofglialscarsizeandinhibitorconcentrationonregenerativeaxonalgrowthfollowingspinalcordtransection.Thesimulationtestcomprisedtwoparts:(1)whenreleaseratesofgrowthinhibitorandpromoterwereconstant,theeffectsofglialscarsizeonaxonalgrowthratewereanalyzed,andconcentrationsofinhibitorandpromoterslocatedatthemovinggrowthconeswererecorded.(2)Whentheglialscarsizewasconstant,theeffectsofinhibitorandpromoterreleaseratesonaxonalgrowthratewereanalyzed,andinhibitorandpromoterconcentrationsatthemovinggrowthconeswererecorded.Resultsdemonstratedthat(1)alargerglialscarandahigherreleaserateofinhibitorresultedinareducedaxonalgrowthrate.(2)Theaxonalgrowthratedependedontheratioofinhibitortopromoterconcentrationsatthegrowthcones.Whentheaverageratiowas<1.5,regeneratingaxonswereabletogrowandsuccessfullycontacttargetcells.

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简介：NewZealandrabbitswererandomlydividedintoanischemiagroup(occlusionoftheabdominalaortafor60minutes),anischemia-reperfusiongroup(occlusionoftheabdominalaortafor60minutesfollowedby48hoursofreperfusion)andasham-surgerygroup.Two-dimensionalgelelectrophoresisdetected49differentiallyexpressedproteinsinspinalcordtissuefromtheischemiaandischemia/reperfusiongroupsand23ofthemwereidentifiedbymassspectrometry.Intheischemiagroup,theexpressionofeightproteinswasupregulated,andthatoftheremainingfourproteinswasdownregulated.Intheischemia/reperfusiongroup,theexpressionoffourproteinswasupregulated,andthatoftwoproteinswasdownregulated.Inthesham-surgerygroup,onlyoneproteinwasdetected.Intheischemiaandischemia/reperfusiongroups,fourproteinsoverlappedbetweengroupswiththesamedifferentialexpression,includingthreethatwereupregulatedandonedownregulated.Theseproteinswererelatedtoenergymetabolism,celldefense,inflammatorymechanismandcellsignaling.

简介：Effortstopharmacologicallyrestorecentralnervoussystem(CNS)functionafterinjuryhashistoricallyfocusedonpromotingnervegrowthwithnervegrowthfactorssuchasnervegrowthfactor(NGF),neurotrophin3(NT3)andbrain-derivedneurotrophicfactor(BDNF).However,spinal

简介：AbstractThe rate of twin pregnancies has increased over the last decades, largely because of the ongoing development of assisted reproductive technology and increased maternal age at childbearing. Twins have a higher risk of adverse outcomes during pregnancy and the perinatal period. The prevalence of umbilical cord abnormalities is higher for twin pregnancies compared with singleton pregnancies. Some of these abnormalities are nonspecific to twinning and can also be found in singleton gestations (such as velamentous cord insertion, vasa previa, and single umbilical artery). Other abnormalities are associated with monochorionic twins, such as umbilical cord entanglement, and umbilical proximate cord insertion. Most of these abnormalities can be detected by ultrasound evaluation. The early and accurate ultrasound diagnosis of chorionicity, amnionicity, and placental and umbilical cord characteristics is crucial if we are to predict the risk of complications and to determine the best management for twin pregnancies. Histopathological examination of the placenta and umbilical cord after delivery can help to confirm prenatal diagnosis and to provide a better understanding of the physiopathology of their abnormalities. The aim of this review was to emphasize the role that the umbilical cord plays in twin complications and to describe the management of these high-risk pregnancies.

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简介：AbstractPurpose:The median time from the event leading to the spinal cord injury (SCI) to the time of decompressive surgery is estimated to be 6.9 days in Iran, which is much longer than the proposed ideal time (less than 24 h) in published guidelines. The current qualitative study aimed to determine the reasons for the observed decompression surgery delay in Iran from the perspective of neurosurgeons.Methods:This qualitative study is designed to perform content analysis on the gathered data from face-to-face semi-structured interviews with 12 Iranian neurosurgeons.Results:The findings of the current study suggest that patient-related factors constitute more than half of the codes extracted from the interviews. Overall, the type of injury, presence of polytrauma, and surgeons' wrong attitude are the main factors causing delayed spinal cord decompression in Iranian patients from the perspective of neurosurgeons. Other notable factors include delay in transferring patients to the trauma center, delay in availability of necessary equipment, and scarce medical personnel.Conclusion:In the perspective of neurosurgeons, the type of injury, presence of polytrauma, and surgeons' wrong attitude are the leading reasons for delayed decompressive surgery of individuals with SCI in Iran.

简介：Runningisbelievedtobebeneficialforhumanhealth.Manystudieshavefocusedontheneuroprotectiveeffectsofvoluntaryrunningonanimalmodels.Therewerebothprimaryandsecondarydegenerationinneurodegenerativediseases,includingglaucoma.However,whetherrunningcandelayprimaryorsecondarydegenerationorbothofthemwasnotclear.Partialopticnervetransectionmodelisavaluableglaucomamodelforstudyingbothprimaryandsecondarydegenerationbecauseitcanseparateprimary(mainlyinthesuperiorretina)fromsecondary(mainlyintheinferiorretina)degeneration.Therefore,wecomparedthesurvivalofretinalganglioncellsbetweenSprague-Dawleyratrunnersandnon-runnersbothinthesuperiorandinferiorretinas.Excitotoxicity,oxidativestress,andapoptosisareinvolvedinthedegenerationofretinalganglioncellsinglaucoma.Sowealsousedwesternimmunoblottingtocomparetheexpressionofsomeproteinsinvolvedinapoptosis(phospho-c-JunN-terminalkinases,p-JNKs),oxidativestress(manganesesuperoxidedismutase,MnSOD)andexcitotoxicity(glutaminesynthetase)betweenrunnersandnon-runnersafterpartialopticnervetransection.Resultsshowedthatvoluntaryrunningdelayedthedeathofretinalganglioncellsvulnerabletoprimarydegenerationbutnotthosetosecondarydegeneration.Inaddition,voluntaryrunningdecreasedtheexpressionofglutaminesynthetase,butnottheexpressionofp-JNKsandMnSODinthesuperiorretinaafterpartialopticnervetransection.Theseresultsillustratedthatprimarydegenerationofretinalganglioncellsmightbemainlyrelatedwithexcitotoxicityratherthanoxidativestress;andthevoluntaryrunningcoulddown-regulateexcitotoxicitytodelaytheprimarydegenerationofretinalganglioncellsafterpartialopticnervetransection.

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简介：Hydraulicspinalcordandcaudaequinanerveinjuriesareveryuncommon.Since1996,wehavereceivedandtreated4patientswithhydraulicspinalcordandcaudaequinainjuries.Thisreportgivesadetaildescription.Fourpatientswithhydraulicspinalcordandcaudaequinanerveinjuries,male:3,female:1,aging13-56yearshavebeentreatedinourhospitalsince1996.Extraduralblockinginjurywasin1patient,extraduralanaesthesiainjuryin1patientandintraspinalcanalmyelographyinjuryin2patients;thesegmentsofintraspinalcanalwereL2-3andL3-4.Onepatientwasaccompaniedbyfemoralfracture,2patientsbyintraspinaltumorand1patienthadoperationbecauseofprolapseoflumbarintervertebraldisc.

简介：ToanalyzetheproductionandmarketingofChinaautomobileinYear2009,andalsothedevelopmentofChinaautomobileandsteelcordinthose11years.Thesingle-elementregressionmathematicsmodelwassetuptoanalyzethesteelcorddemandandautomobileproduction.Itpredictedthatautomobileproductionwouldupto15170000,16690000and18360000respectivelyfrom2010to2012,withtheconfidenceasof95%,thesteelcordconsumptioninthosethreeyearswillbe1180000-1370000t,1320000-1520000tand1470000-1680000t.AstothepolicyofChinastimulation,TheroleofChinesetirehasconvertedfromtheexport-orientedtodomesticconsumersmoothly,sotheeffectofUSspecialprotectionisttariffsislimitedinChina.

简介：客观：在老鼠在试验性的针的绳索损害(SCI)上观察橡黄素的效果。方法：六十只Sprague-Dawley老鼠随机被划分成四个组；仅仅为laminectomy的组A，为有SCI的laminectomy的组B，为有为SCI和intraperitoneal注射的200mg/kg橡黄素和组D的一丸大丸药的SCI和intraperitonealinjection的组C盐。SCI模型被使用修改侨民做“T_(12)上的s方法。每个组的六只老鼠在损害和免费的铁的层次以后在4h被打死，深奥针的绳索片断的malondialdehyde(MDA)被bleomycin和thiobarbituric酸(TBA)测量试金独立。后部的手足功能的Therecovery被修改Tarlov估计“在在SCI以后的7d，14d和21d的s规模和斜面方法。损坏针的绳索的组织学的变化也在SCI以后在7d被检验。结果：在SCI以后，免费的铁和MDA的层次显著地在组B和D被增加，当时不在组C。修改Tarlov“s分数和斜面角度显著地在组B，C和D被减少。组织学的调查结果没被改进。结论：在SCI以后，橡黄素能每氧化减少类脂化合物的水平，然而并非改进功能的恢复。

简介：AbstractPediatric and adult spinal cord injuries (SCI) are distinct entities. Children and adolescents with SCI must suffer from lifelong disabilities, which is a heavy burden on patients, their families and the society. There are differences in Chinese and foreign literature reports on the incidence, injury mechanism and prognosis of SCI in children and adolescents. In addition to traumatic injuries such as car accidents and falls, the proportion of sports injuries is increasing. The most common sports injury is the backbend during dance practice. Compared with adults, children and adolescents are considered to have a greater potential for neurological improvement. The pathogenesis and treatment of pediatric SCI remains unclear. The mainstream view is that the mechanism of nerve damage in pediatric SCI include flexion, hyperextension, longitudinal distraction and ischemia. We also discuss the advantages and disadvantages of drugs such as methylprednisolone in the treatment of pediatric SCI and the indications and timing of surgery. In addition, the complications of pediatric SCI are also worthy of attention. New imaging techniques such as diffusion tensor imaging and diffusion tensor tractography may be used for diagnosis and assessment of prognosis. This article reviews the epidemiology, pathogenesis, imaging, clinical characteristics, treatment and complications of SCI in children and adolescents. Although current treatment cannot completely restore neurological function, patient quality of life can be enhanced. Continued developments and advances in the research of SCI may eventually provide a cure for children and adolescents with this kind of injury.

简介：AbstractPediatric acute hyperextension spinal cord injury (SCI) named as PAHSCI by us, is a special type of thoracolumbar SCI without radiographic abnormality and highly related to back-bend in dance training, which has been increasingly reported. At present, it has become the leading cause of SCI in children, and brings a heavy social and economic burden. Both domestic and foreign academic institutions and dance education organizations lack a correct understanding of PAHSCI and relevant standards, specifications or guidelines. In order to provide standardized guidance, the expert team formulated this guideline based on the principles of science and practicability, starting from the diagnosis, differential diagnosis, etiology, admission evaluation, treatment, complications and prevention. This guideline puts forward 23 recommendations for 14 related issues.

简介：Inflammatorydemyelinatingpseudotumorusuallyoccursinthebrainandrarelyoccursinthespinalcord.Onimaging,inflammatorydemyelinatingpseudotumorappearsverysimilartointramedullarytumorssuchasgliomas.Itisoftenmisdiagnosedasintramedullarytumorandsurgicallyresected.Inviewofthis,theclinicalandmagneticresonanceimagingmanifestationsandthepathologicalfeaturesof36casesofinflammatorydemyelinatingpseudotumorinthespinalcordwereretrospectivelyanalyzedandsummarized.Mostofthesecasessufferedfromacuteorsubacuteonsetandexhibitedasensorimotordisorder.Amongthem,sixcasesweremisdiagnosedashavingintramedullarygliomas,andinflammatorydemyelinatingpseudotumorwasonlyidentifiedandpathologicallyconfirmedaftersurgicalresection.Lesionsinthecervicalandthoracicspinalcordwerecommon.Magneticresonanceimagingrevealededemaandspace-occupyinglesionstovaryingdegreesatthecervical-thoracicjunction,withapredominantfeatureofnon-closedrosette-likereinforcement(open-loopsign).Pathologicalexaminationshowedperivascularcuffingofpredominantlydenselymphocytes,anddemyelinationwasobservedinsixofthemisdiagnosedcases.Theseresultssuggestthattumor-likeinflammatorydemyelinatingdiseaseinthespinalcordisakindofspecialdemyelinatingdiseasethatcanbecategorizedasinflammatorypseudotumor.Thesesolitarylesionsareeasilyconfusedwithintramedullaryneoplasms.Patchyornon-closedreinforcement(open-ringsign)onmagneticresonanceimagingisthepredominantpropertyofinflammatorydemyelinatingpseudotumor,andinflammatorycellinfiltrationanddemyelinationareadditionalpathologicalproperties.

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简介：Tostudythechangesofexcitatoryaminoacids(EAAs)andintracellularcalcium([Ca2+]i),andtheprotectiveeffectofEAAsreceptorantagonistsinthetissuesofrabbitlumbarspinalcordafter40-minuesischemiaand4-hoursreperfusion.Methods:Thirtyhealthyrabbitsweredividedintosixgroups:sham-operation,40-minuesischemia,4-hourreperfusion,ketamineandMgSO4treatment,ketaminetreatment,andsalinetreatmentgroups.ThecontentsofEAAs(glutamateandaspartate)and[Ca2+]iweremeasured.Results:Thecontentsofglutamateandaspartateweredecreasedto15.18μmol/g±2.33μmol/gand9.99μmol/g±0.69μmol/g,respectively;13.75μmol/g±2.58μmol/gand6.49μmol/g±1.39umol/gafterreperfusion.Intheischemiagroup,the[Ca2+]iwaselevatedto221.2μg/g±4.27μg/g,andelevatedfurtherto298.3μg/g±9.26μg/gafterreperfusion,beingsignificantlyhigherthanthatofischemiaandcontrolgroups.Ketaminecouldobviouslyincreasethelevelofglutamateandaspartateanddecreasethelevelof[Ca2+]iduringtheischemiaandreperfusioninjury.Conclusions:TheexcitotoxicityofEAAsandtheoverloadofcalciuminducedbyEAAsplayaharmfulroleinischemiaandreperfusioninjury.Ketaminehasaneffectiveinhibitoryeffect.