简介:Theorganizationofthecanonicalgeneticcodeneedstobethoroughlyilluminated.Herewereorderthefournucleotides-adenine,thymine,guanineandcytosine-accordingtotheiremergenceinevolution,andapplytheorganizationalrulestodevisinganalgebraicrepresentationforthecanonicalgeneticcode.Underaframeworkofthedevisedcode,wequantifycodonandaminoacidusagesfromalargecollectionof917prokaryoticgenomesequences,andassociatetheusageswithitsintrinsicstructureandclassificationschemesaswellasaminoacidphysicochemicalproperties.Ourresultsshowthatthealgebraicrepresentationofthecodeisstructurallyequivalenttoacontent-centricorganizationofthecodeandthatcodonandaminoacidusagesunderdifferentclassificationschemeswerecorrelatedcloselywithGCcontent,implyingasetofrulesgoverningcompositiondynamicsacrossawidevarietyofprokaryoticgenomesequences.Theseresultsalsoindicatethatcodonsandaminoacidsarenotrandomlyallocatedinthecode,wherethesix-folddegeneratecodonsandtheiraminoacidshaveimportantbalancingrolesforerrorminimization.Therefore,thecontent-centriccodeisofgreatusefulnessindecipheringitshithertounknownregularitiesaswellasthedynamicsofnucleotide,codon,andaminoacidcompositions.
简介:Geneticdefectsareoneofthemostimportantetiologiesofseveretoprofoundsensorineuralhearinglossandplayanimportantroleindeterminingcochlearimplantationoutcomes.Whilethepathogenicmutationtypesofanumberofdeafnessgeneshavebeencloned,thepathogenesismechanismsandtheirrelationshiptotheoutcomesofcochlearimplantationremainahotresearcharea.Theauditoryperformanceisconsideredtobeaffectedbytheetiologyofhearinglossandthenumberofsurvivingspiralganglioncells,aswellasothers.Currentresearchadvancesincochlearimplantationforhereditarydeafness,especiallytherelationshipamongclinic-types,genotypesandoutcomesofcochlearimplantation,willbediscussedinthisreview.
简介:Thepaperdescribestheproposedmodelsofdiamondformationbothinmeteoritesandinkimberliteandlamproitebodies.metamorphiccomplexesandexplosive-ringstructures('astroblemes'),Thediamonddistributioninmeteorites(chondrites,ironmeteoritesandureilites)isrestrictedtotaente-kamasitephase.Thediamondgenerationhereistiedupwiththefirststageofevolutionoftheplanets,Thisstageischaracterizedbyhighpressureofhydrogen.leadingtotheformationoftheplanetenvelope,Thesecondstageofplanetevolutionbeganwiththeprogressiveimopoverishmentoftheiratmospheresinhydrogenduetoitspredominantemissionintothespaceandtoprogressivedevelopmentofoxidativeconditions.Themodelappearstohaveprovedtherelictnatureofdiamondmineraolizationinmeteorites.Diamondandotherhigh-pressureminerals(its'satellites')werecrystallizedwithoutanyexceptionintheearlyintratelluricstagesofperidotiteandeclogite-pyroxenitemagmaevolutionjustbeforethemagmaintrusionintothehigherlevelsofthemantleandcrustwherediamondisnotthermodynamicallystable,Theultramaficintrusivebodies(bearingrichrelictdiamonds)inthedaseofaplatformpaaeartobethesubstratafortheformationofkimberlite-lamproitemagmachambersasaresultofmagmaticreplacement.Themodelexplainsthepolyfacialnatureofdiamondiferouseclotgites,pyroxenitesandperidotitesanddiscussestheprocessofinheritanceoftheirdiamondmineralizationbykimberlitesandlamproites.Dimondoproductivityofmetamorthiccomplexesisoriginatedbytheinheritanceoftheirdiamondsfromtheabove-mentionedprimarydiamondiferousrocks.Largediamondiferousexplosive-ringstructureswereformedbyhigh-energyendogenicexplosionoffluidwhichcamefromtheEarth'score.Thishighenergydiffersendogenicimpactogenesisfromexplosivevolcanism.Itproceedsatveryhightemperaturetocreatediaplecticgalsses(monomineralpseudomorphs)-theproductofisochoricmelting,atthepressurehighenoughforth
简介:这被相信在RNA世界上运作(ribozymes)并且参考(riboscripts)RNA分子被创造与仅仅三(腺苷,uridine,和海鸟粪正弦)并且二(腺苷和uridine)nucleosides,分别地以便遗传密码开始了不复杂。随后发展能剪贴自己和riboscripts的Ribozymes对严密编辑善于接受(到肌甙的腺苷);RNA分子的集中的多样化塑造了能够polymerizing氨基酸的新奇细胞的机械—细胞的大楼材料的一种新类型永久。开始,遗传密码,编码七氨基酸,仅仅被创造区分嘌呤和嘧啶;它以后以编码12,15,和20的一个逐步的方法被扩展通过从它的角色的鸟嘌呤的消除的氨基酸作为运作的信号并且通过胞嘧啶的招募。因此,遗传密码的成熟也与一致与(1)从初发的翻译机械的aminoacyl-tRNA(AARS)的离开,(2)由DNA的参考RNA的代替,并且(3)AARS的合作进化和他们的血缘的tRNAs。这个模型由DNA预言做RNA的分子的机制,由蛋白质的细胞的过程,和参考利用的渐渐的代替。
简介:Epithelialovariancancerrepresentsthemostlethalgynecologicalmalignancyinthedevelopedworld,andcanbedividedintofivemainhistologicalsubtypes:highgradeserous,endometrioid,clearcell,mucinousandlowgradeserous.Thesesubtypesrepresentdistinctdiseaseentities,bothclinicallyandatthemolecularlevel.Molecularanalysishasrevealedsignificantgeneticheterogeneityinovariancancer,particularlywithinthehighgradeseroussubtype.Assuch,thissubtypehasbeenthefocusofmuchresearchefforttodate,revealingmolecularsubgroupsatboththegenomicandtranscriptomiclevelthathaveclinicalimplications.However,stratificationofovariancancerpatientsbasedontheunderlyingbiologyoftheirdiseaseremainsinitsinfancy.Here,wesummarizethemolecularchangesthatcharacterizethefivemainovariancancersubtypes,highlightpotentialopportunitiesfortargetedtherapeuticinterventionandoutlineprioritiesforfutureresearch.
简介:Thispaperpresentsanovelapproachtofeaturesubsetselectionusinggeneticalgorithms.Thisapproachhastheabilitytoaccommodatemultiplecriteriasuchastheaccuracyandcostofclassificationintotheprocessoffeatureselectionandfindstheeffectivefeaturesubsetfortextureclassification.Onthebasisoftheeffectivefeaturesubsetselected,amethodisdescribedtoextracttheobjectswhicharehigherthantheirsurroundings,suchastreesorforest,inthecoloraerialimages.Themethodologypresentedinthispaperisillustratedbyitsapplicationtotheproblemoftreesextractionfromaerialimages.
简介:Anaudiorecoveringmethodofspread-spectrumhiddeninformationisproposedbasedongeneticalgorithm.Inthismethodtheembeddedsequencelengthisconfirmedfirstly,thenthebestestimatedsequencewiththeconfirmedlengthisgotbygeneticalgorithm,finallytheconfidentialmessagehiddeninstego-audiocanberecovered.Usingthisapproach,thehiddeninformationcanberecoveredwithoutanyinformationfromthetransmitter.ThepresentedmethodhasbeenimplementedonPC,andtheexperimentalresultsshowthattheaveragerecoveringcorrectrateishigherthan90%.
简介:Inheritedcardiomyopathiesaremajorcausesofmorbidityandmortalityandincludeagroupofcardiacdisorderssuchashypertrophiccardiomyopathy(HCM),dilatedcardiomyopathy,arrhythmogenicrightventriculardysplasia/cardiomyopathy(ARVD/C),leftventricularnoncompaction(LVNC),andrestrictivecardiomyopathy(RCM).Thesediseaseshaveasubstantialgeneticcomponentandpredisposetosuddencardiacdeath.Sincethefirstgenewasidentifiedasadisease-causinggeneforHCMovertwodecadesago,morethaneightygeneshavebeenidentifiedtobeassociatedwithinheritedcardiomyopathiesandgenetictestinghasbecomeprevalentinmakingclinicaldiagnosis.Withtheadventofnext-generationsequencingtechnology,geneticpaneltestingofinheritedcardiomyopathieshasbecomefeasibleandcostefficient.Inthisreview,wesummarizetheindividualcardiomyopathieswiththeemphasisoncardiomyopathygeneticsandgenetictesting.
简介:Thegeneticimprovementofwoodpropertiesisoneoftheimportantmeasuresofimprovingwoodquality.Toachievethat,forestryandwoodscientistshavedoneagreatdealofresearchinexpectationtoproducemorehigh-qualitywood.Thepapersummarizestheresearchesongeneticvariationandgeneticcorrelationofwoodpropertiesandproposestheprospectstoconductthegeneticimprovementofwoodproperties.
简介:ThepresentsituationofforesttreegeneticgermplasmresourcesresearchandconservationinChinaisintroducedwhichincludingthebackground,decision-makingofconservationstrategiesandprinciples,theplanofareadivisionandtreespeciesclassification,thesamplestrategyofgermplasmconservation,theadvancesinconservationpatternandrelatedtechnologiesresearch,theachievementsofgermplasmconservationandutilizationinChina,andtheproblemstobesolved.Therecentachievementsa...
简介:Thecross-fertilizationbetweenartificialintelligenceandcomputationalfinancehasresultedinsomeofthemostactiveresearchareasinfinancialengineering.Onedirectionistheapplicationofmachinelearningtechniquestopricingfinancialproducts,whichiscertainlyoneofthemostcomplexissuesinfinance.Intheliterature,whentheinterestrate,themeanrateofreturnandthevolatilityoftheunderlyingassetfollowgeneralstochasticprocesses,theexactsolutionisusuallynotavailable.Inthispaper,weshallillustratehowgeneticalgorithms(GAs),asanumericalapproach,canbepotentiallyhelpfulindealingwithpricing.Inparticular,wetesttheperformanceofbasicgeneticalgorithmsbyusingittothedeterminationofpricesofAsianoptions,whoseexactsolutionsisknownfromBlack-Scholesoptionpricingtheory.Thesolutionsfoundbybasicgeneticalgorithmsarecomparedwiththeexactsolution,andtheperformanceofGAsisewluatedaccordingly.Basedontheseewluations,somelimitationsofGAsinoptionpricingareexaminedandpossibleextensionstofutureworksarealsoproposed.
简介:Thispaperproposesasupervisedtraining-testmethodwithGeneticProgramming(GP)forpatternclassification.Comparedandcontrastedwithtraditionalmethodswithregardtodeterministicpatternclassifiers,thismethodistrueforbothlinearseparableproblemsandlinearnon-separableproblems.Forspecifictrainingsamples,itcanformulatetheexpressionofdiscriminatefunctionwellwithoutanypriorknowledge.Atlast,anexperimentisconducted,andtheresultrevealsthatthissystemiseffectiveandpractical.
简介:Eachcomponentofthehumanearperformsaspecificfunctioninhearing.Theactualprocessofsoundtransductiontakesplaceintheauditoryportionoftheinnerear,thefluid-filledcochlea.Inthecochlea,thesensitivityandefficiencyofsensoryapparatustoconvertmechanicalenergyintoneuralactivity,largelydependsonthefluidicandionicenvironment.Inthelateralwallofcochlea,thesecretoryepitheliumstriavascularisplaysanimportantroleinthemaintenanceoffluidicandionichomeostasis.Avarietyofgenemutationsdisturbsthecochlearhomeostasisandsubsequentlyleadstohearingimpairment.Thereviewcoversseveralaspectsofcochlearhomeostasis,fromcochlearfluidandthefunctionalroleofstriavascularis,cochlearK+recyclinganditsmolecularsubstratestogeneticdeafnesswithabnormalcochlearhomeostasis.
简介:Thecodontableforthecanonicalgeneticcodecanberearrangedinsuchawaythatthecodeisdividedintofourquartersandtwohalvesaccordingtothevari-abilityoftheirGCandpurinecontents,respectively.Forprokaryoticgenomes,whenthegenomicGCcontentincreases,theiraminoacidcontentstendtoberestrictedtotheGC-richquarterandthepurine-contentinsensitivehalf,whereallcodonsarefourfolddegenerateandrelativelymutation-tolerant.Conversely,whenthegenomicGCcontentdecreases,mostofthecodonsretracttotheAU-richquarterandthepurine-contentsensitivehalf;mostofthecodonsnotonlyremainencodingphysicochemicallydiversifiedaminoacidsbutalsovarywhentransversion(betweenpurineandpyrimidine)happens.Aminoacidswithsixfold-degeneratecodonsaredistributedintoallfourquartersandacrossthetwohalves;theirfourfold-degeneratecodonsareallpartitionedintothepurine-insensitivehalfinfavoriteofrobustnessagainstmutations.Thefeaturesmanifestedinthere-arrangedcodontableexplainmostoftheintrinsicrelationshipbetweenproteincodingsequences(theinformationalcontent)andaminoacidcompositions(thefunctionalcontent).Therenovatedcodontableisusefulinpredictingabundantaminoacidsandpositioningtheaminoacidswithrelatedordistinctphysicochem-icalproperties.