简介：TheNationalLandSurveyofFinlandisresponsibleforagreatnumberoftasks,suchasmaintainingthecadastre,registeringownershiprights,topographicsurveyingatthenationallevelaswellasscientificresearchinthespatialdatafield.TheMinistryofAgricultureandForestryleadsFinnishlandpolicyandtheNationalLandSurveyisoneofthepartiesthatimplementthepolicy.TheLandInformationSystemmaintainedbytheNationalLandSurveyisapartoftheFinnishsystemofbasicregisters,whichincludesseveralotherparties.Throughscientificresearchitispossibletoevaluatetheinformationneedsofanincreasinglydigitalsocietyforexample,theCadastre2035researchprojectisinvestigatingthechangingexpectationsofcustomers.

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简介：ThepaperexaminestheperennialenmitybetweensubsistenceandcommercialsugarcaneproductioninWesternKenya,particularlyinKakamega.Thepapermaintainsthatthereisaninverserelationshipintheallocationoflandbetweensugarcaneandsubsistenceproductionwithmorelandbeingallocatedtosugarcanecomparedtofoodproduction.ThepaperanalyzeslandissuesinKakamegawithregardtohowtheyaffectagriculturalproductivity.Thesearethevariouslandtenuresystemseithersupportingordiscriminatingagainstfoodproductionandvariousavenuesoflandacquisitionandownershipandasameansofmakinglandtoproductbothsugarcaneandfoodcrops.Thearea’sagriculturalstatistics,farmer’srecords,andtheresearcher’sphysicalobservationswereofcriticalessenceintermsoftheresearchmethodology.Theconceptsoffoodsecurityandproduction’sarticulationofmodesofareappliedinthestudy.Thestudyconfirmedthatindeedmorelandwasallocatedtosugarcaneproductionthantosubsistenceproduction,whichcompromisedfoodsecurityinwesternKenya.ThestudyrecommendstheneedtoimmediatelyreversethislandallocationsituationiffoodsecurityistobeattainedinKakamega.Itfurtherrecommendsthefullimplementationofthelandselectioncriteriaforthelandtobeputeitherundercontractedsugarcanecultivationprivatesugarcanecultivationintheregion.Toattainthis,itcallsuponthegovernmentapparatustobepro-activeifthesubsistencesectorandsubsistencesustainabilityistobeachieved.

简介：在空间插值以内集成陆地使用类型和另外的地理信息作为一个答案被建议了改进土壤营养素在地区性的规模印射的表演和精确性。这研究开发了一条非算法途径，即，到单个土地使用类型而非到整个分水岭，适用的反的距离weighting(IDW)和平常的kriging(好)总计C(TC)决定这是否在印射土壤改进了表演，总计N(TN)，并且在在东南中国城市化分水岭的200-km2总计P(TP)。四种陆地使用类型被视觉解释作为森林土地，农业陆地，绿陆地，和城市的土地识别。150件土壤样品(0-10厘米)根据陆地使用类型和补丁尺寸被拿。结果证明非算法来临，基于单个土地，使用打的插值，实质地为在分水岭印射TC，TN，和TP改进了IDW和好的表演。根均方差被3.9%为TC减少，10.7%为TN，并且25.9%为由IDW的应用程序的TP当由好的改进为TC作为0.9%稍微更低时，7.7%为TN，并且18.1%为TP。基于单个土地，使用视觉上打的插值由整个分水岭相对插值在分水岭为TC，TN，和TP改进了空间模式的描写。实质的改进可能与更稠密的采样点被期望。我们建议这条非算法途径可能提供一种选择给基于算法的途径描绘分水岭规模营养素模式。

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简介：在农业土地支持土壤碳隐遁是可行策略之一速度观察气候变化。然而，玷污物理骚乱由加速侵蚀加重了土壤降级过程。因此，减少通过适当farming/agricultural系统的物理骚乱是的土壤的大小和紧张对农业陆地的土壤碳水池能力的管理必要。不同土地的四个地点使用类型/耕种惯例，我)到没有为止(NT)玉米(ZeamaysL.)(NTC)，ii)到为止常规(CT)玉米(CTC)，iii)pastureland(PL)，和iv)本国的森林(NF)，在北方Appalachian试验性的分水岭车站，包括水马厩聚集在土壤总数索引上估计NT耕作的影响的美国俄亥俄，吝啬的重量直径(MWD)和几何平均数被选择直径(GMD)，和土壤器官的碳和全部的氮内容。收到的NTC阴谋恐吓粪肥增加(大约15t哈1)每隔一年。CTC阴谋包含了耕作的disking和凿子和液体化肥申请(110L哈1)。结果证明水马厩聚集和MWD比为CTC在为NTC的土壤是更大的。在0-10厘米土壤层，>4.75公里尺寸部分统治了NTC并且而在不同地点之中的1)跟随了NF的趋势，为CTC多于那是46%>PL>NTC>CTC，为在CTC上的NTC更是35%-46%。NT实践提高了在CT实践上并且这样的器官的碳内容是的土壤在农田的碳隐遁的重要策略玷污。

简介：Multi-sensorandmulti-resolutionsourceimagesconsistingofopticalandlong-waveinfrared(LWlR)imagesareanalyzedseparatelyandthencombinedforurbanmappinginthisstudy.Theframeworkofitsmethodologyisbasedonatwo-levelclassificationapproach.Inthefirstlevel,contributionsofthesetwodatasourcesinurbanmappingareexaminedextensivelybyfourtypesofclassifications,i.e.spectral-based,spectral-spatial-based,jointclassification,andmultiplefeatureclassification.Inthesecondlevel,anobjected-basedapproachisappliedtodeclinetheboundaries.Thespecificityofourproposedframeworknotonlyliesinthecombinationoftwodifferentimages,butalsotheexplorationoftheLWlRimageasonecomplementaryspectralinformationforurbanmapping.ToverifytheeffectivenessofthepresentedclassificationframeworkandtoconfirmtheLWlR'scomplementaryroleintheurbanmappingtask,experimentresultsareevaluatedbythegrss_dfc_2014data-set.

简介：Soilisheterogeneousandhasdifferentthermalandhydraulicproperties,causingvariedbehaviorinheatandmoisturetransport.Therefore,soilhasanimportanteffectonland–atmosphereinteractions.Inthisstudy,animprovedsoilparameterizationschemethatconsidersgravelandorganicmatterinthesoilwasintroducedintoCLM4.5(CommunityLandModel).ByusingdatafromtheZoigeandMadoisitesontheTibetanPlateau,theabilityofthemodeltosimultaneouslysimulatethedurationoffreeze–thawperiods,soiltemperature,soilmoisture,andsurfaceenergyduringfreeze–thawprocesses,wasvalidated.Theresultsindicatedthat:(1)thenewparameterizationperformedbetterinsimulatingthedurationofthefrozen,thawing,unfrozen,andfreezingperiods;(2)withthenewscheme,thesoilthermalconductivityvaluesweredecreased;(3)thenewparameterizationimprovedsoiltemperaturesimulationandeffectivelydecreasedcoldbiases;(4)thenewparameterizationschemeeffectivelydecreasedthedrybiasesofsoilliquidwatercontentduringthefreezing,completelyfrozen,andthawingperiods,butincreasedthewetbiasesduringthecompletelythawedperiod;and(5)thenetradiation,latentheatflux,andsoilsurfaceheatfluxoftheZoigeandMadoisitesweremuchimprovedbytheneworganicmatterandthermalconductivityparameterization.

简介：Background:Replacementoffossilfuelbasedenergywithbiochar-basedbioenergyproductioncanhelpreducegreenhousegasemissionswhilemitigatingtheadverseimpactsofclimatechangeandglobalwarming.However,theproductionofbiochar-basedbioenergydependsonasustainablesupplyofbiomass.Although,NorthwesternOntariohasarichandsustainablesupplyofwoodybiomass,acomprehensivelifecyclecostandeconomicassessmentofbiochar-basedbioenergyproductiontechnologyhasnotbeendonesofarintheregion.Methods:Inthispaper,weconductedathoroughlifecyclecostassessment(LCCA)ofbiochar-basedbioenergyproductionanditslandapplicationunderfourdifferentscenarios:1)biocharproductionwithlowfeedstockavailability;2)biocharproductionwithhighfeedstockavailability;3)biocharproductionwithlowfeedstockavailabilityanditslandapplication;and4)biocharproductionwithhighfeedstockavailabilityanditslandapplication-usingSimaPro~,EIOLCA~softwareandspreadsheetmodeling.BasedontheLCCAresults,wefurtherconductedaneconomicassessmentforthebreak-evenandviabilityofthistechnologyovertheprojectperiod.Results:Itwasfoundthattheeconomicviabilityofbiochar-basedbioenergyproductionsystemwithinthelifecycleanalysissystemboundarybasedonstudyassumptionsisdirectlydependentoncostsofpyrolysis,feedstockprocessing(drying,grindingandpelletization)andcollectiononsiteandthevalueoftotalcarbonoffsetprovidedbythesystem.SensitivityanalysisoftransportationdistanceanddifferentvaluesofCoffsetshowedthatthesystemisprofitableincaseofhighbiomassavailabilitywithin200kmandwhenthecostofcarbonsequestrationexceedsCAD$60pertonneofequivalentcarbon(CO_2e).Conclusions:Biochar-basedbioenergysystemiseconomicallyviablewhenlifecyclecostsandenvironmentalassumptionsareaccountedfor.Thisstudyprovidesamediumscaleslow-pyrolysisplantscenarioandwerecommendsimilarexperimentswithlarge-scale

简介：陆地使用变化影响地下的生态系统。在过去几十年期间，在东北中国的陆地使用更加变化了，并且稻地的区域从高地很快增加了。在这研究，土壤特征和土壤，有大米耕作的不同的年的稻地里的关於生命的社区被测量在土壤上从高地检验土地使用变化的效果到稻地微食物的网。当控制和微生物引起的社区作文用phospholipid被描绘，高地玉米领域被选择丰满的酸(PLFA)分析。微生物引起的生物资源(全部的PLFA)，细菌生物资源，和真菌生物资源在20-40-year是更高的(迟了阶段)比1-10-year(早阶段)稻领域。许多总数线虫和bacterivores是更低的在比迟了阶段的稻地早阶段。许多草食动物在早阶段的稻领域里是最高的，但是不偏食的人食肉动物的在迟了阶段的稻领域里是最高的。结构的方程模型显示那张土壤食物网在20以后被发展并且组织稻耕作的年。我们的结果建议了微食物的网可以是的那土壤为土壤开发和稻的稳定的好指示物回答后面的土地使用变化。

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