简介：Howtoefficientlymeasurethedistancebetweentwobasicprobabilityassignments(BPAs)isanopenissue.Inthispaper,anewmethodtomeasurethedistancebetweentwoBPAsisproposed,basedontwoexistingmeasuresofevidencedistance.Thenewproposedmethodiscomprehensiveandgeneralized.Numericalexamplesareusedtoillustratetheeffectivenessoftheproposedmethod.

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简介：Aconnectedgraph,whoseblocksareallcliques(ofpossiblyvaryingsizes),iscalledablockgraph.LetD(G)beitsdistancematrix.Inthisnote,weprovethattheSmithnormalformofD(G)isindependentoftheinterconnectionwayofblocksandgiveanexplicitexpressionfortheSmithnormalforminthecasethatallcliqueshavethesamesize,whichgeneralizetheresultsondeterminants.

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简介：Thearticleexaminestheworldexperienceofe-learningaswellasdistanceeducationtechnologieswithintheeducationprocessorganizationonhigherandpost-highereducationprograms.Therehavebeenlistedtheresultsofthemostpopulare-leamingplatformsanalysis.Furthermore,therehavebeenlookedthroughthecorelegislativebackgroundofthedevelopmentofthementionedtechnologiesinRussiaandworldwideamongtheuniversities,specializedinseafarerstraining.TherehavebeenalsodrawnupthepointsoftheAdmiralMakarovStateUniversityofMaritimeandInlandShipping(AdmiralMakarovSUMIS)designofthedistanceeducationsystemLMS“FARWATER”incompliancewiththeInternationalConventiononStandardsofTraining,CertificationandWatchkeepingforSeafarers(STCWConvention).Thepracticalapplicationofdistanceeducationsystemtotheadvancedprofessionaltraininghasbeendiscussedinthearticle.

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简介：Background:Inrecentdecades,nativeAraucariaforestsinBrazilhavebecomefragmentedduetotheconversionofforesttoagriculturallandsandcommercialtreeplantations.Consequently,theforestdynamicsinthisforesttypehavebeenpoorlyinvestigated,asmostfragmentsarepoorlystructuredintermsoftreesizeanddiversity.Methods:Wedevelopedadistance-independentindividualtree-growthmodeltosimulatetheforestdynamicsinanativeAraucariaforestlocatedpredominantlyinsouthernBrazil.Thedatawerederivedfrom25contiguousplots(1ha)establishedinaprotectedarealeftundisturbedforthepast70years.Theplotsweremeasuredat3-yearintervalsfromtheirestablishmentin2002.Alltreesabovea10-cmdiameteratbreastheightweretagged,identifiedastospecies,andmeasured.Becausethisforesttypecompriseshundredsoftreespecies,weclusteredthemintosixecologicalgroups:understory,subcanopy,uppercanopyshade-tolerant,uppercanopylight-demanding,pioneer,andemergent.Thediameterincrement,survival,andrecruitmentsub-modelswerefittedforeachspeciesgroup,andparameterswereimplementedinasimulationsoftwaretoprojecttheforestdynamics.Thegrowthmodelwasvalidatedusingindependentdatacollectedfromanotherresearchareaofthesameforesttype.Tosimulatetheforestdynamics,weprojectedthespeciesgroupandstandbasalareasfor50yearsunderthreedifferentstand-densityconditions:low,average,andhigh.Results:Emergentspeciestendedtogrowinbasalarea,irrespectiveoftheforestdensityconditions.Conversely,shade-tolerantspeciestendedtodeclineovertheyears.Underlow-densityconditions,themodelshowedagrowthtendencyforthestandbasalarea,whileunderaverage-densityconditions,forestgrowthtendedtostabilizewithin30years.Underhigh-densityconditions,themodelindicatedadeclineinthestandbasalareafromtheonsetofthesimulation,suggestingthatundertheseconditions,theforesthasalreadyreachedit

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