简介：Thegreengovernment(public)procurementsystemplaysanimportantroleinachievingthepolicyobjectiveofenergysavingandenvironmentalprotection,andpromotinggreentechnologyprogressinenterprises.ThegreengovernmentprocurementstartscomparativelylateinChina,andtherearestillalotofproblemsinthelegalsystem,procurementstandards,organizationandmanagementsystem,informationcommunicationandmonitoringevaluationmechanismsandsoforth.Withinternationalexperienceastherefer...

简介：ThispaperpresentsacomparisonmechanismforasimpleprocurementauctionandgeneralizedNashbargainingsolutioninaprocurementcircumstance.Thebuyerwhohopestofulfillaprojecthastwooptions.First,shemayawardtheprojecttotheoldproviderwithanefficientqualitybybargaining.Second,shemaygivetheprojecttothefirmwhosubmitsthelowestbidthroughasimpleprocurementsecond-pricesealed-bidauctionwithapre-fixedquality.Wecomparetheexpectedrevenueintheauctionwiththedeterministicprofitofthebargaining.Indifferentparameterscases,wefindtheborderlinefunctionsbetweenthetwooptionswithrespecttothebuyer’sbargainingpowerandtheamountofbidders.Wealsocompareoursimpleprocurementauction(SPA)withtheoptimalmultidimensionalbidauctionbyChe(1993),andfindourmodelprotectsthebuyer’sprivatevaluationinformationbyforfeitingsomeprofits.Somepropertiesofthedifferencebetweenthetwoauctionsareproposed,especiallythereisnorevenuedifferencewhentheamountofbiddersapproachesinfinity.

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简介：Thispaperproposesaprocurementandproductionoutsourcingmodelsubjecttoadynamicpricesenvironment.Usingtheoptimalcontroltheoryweobtainthenecessaryconditionsoftheoptimalprocurementandproductionpolicy.Fromthestudyofoptimalcontrolconditions,wederivequalitativepropertiesoftheoptimalprocurementandproductiondecisionsforafewexemplifyingcases.Throughtheseresultsweareabletoprovidesomemanagerialimplicationsformanagerstomakerealdecisions.

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简介：Inordertocombatillegalloggingandassociatedtradeandpromotesustainableforestmanagement,majordevelopedcountries,includingFrance,haveimplementedgreenprocurementpolicyforforestproducts.ThispaperdescribedthebackgroundofwhyFranceimplementsgreenprocurementpolicyforforestproducts,analyzedthebasiccontentofthepolicy,andmadeacomprehensiveassessmentoftheimpactofgreenprocurementpolicyonsuppliers,processors,eco-environmentandcompetitivenessofforestproduc...

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简介：Weconsideranewsvendorproblemwithprice-dependentdemand,ineitheradditiveormultiplicativeformat.Thenewsvendorhastwomodesofpurchasing:regularorderingatthebeginningofthesellingseasonandemergencyordering(iftherealizeddemandexceedstheinitialorderquantity)attheendofthesellingseason.Bystochasticcomparisons,wesystematicallyinvestigatetheeffectsofdemandmagnitudeanddemandrandomnessonpricingandorderingquantitydecisionsaswellasexpectedprofitofthenewsvendor,underbothusualstochasticorder(firstorderstochasticdominance)andconvexorder(lessvariable).Ourkeyfindingsinclude:(i)incontrarytothecasewherepriceisexogenous,astochasticallylargerdemandshockmayevenleadtoalowerorderquantity;(ii)astochasticallylargerdemandshockleadstoahigherpricefortheadditivedemandcase,butmayleadtoalowerpriceforthemultiplicativedemandcase;(iii)astochasticallylargerdemandshockleadstoahigherexpectedprofitforbothdemandmodels;(iv)ingeneral,alessvariabledemandleadstoahigherexpectedprofitforbothdemandmodels;andfurthermore,alessvariabledemandshockhasnoeffectonpricefortheadditivedemandmodel,butleadstoahigherpriceforthemultiplicativedemandmodel.Theimplicationsofallthesefindingsforpricingandorderquantityarediscussedindetail.

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简介：前言改善地球环境，减轻环境负担问题已得到广泛重视，欧洲共同体发布了对废弃电气和电子设备的WEEE指令和针对电气电子设备所使用的有害物质的限制指令（aonS指令）。为此，日本政府则提出了企业推行绿色采购，从过去企业采购过程中只注重质量（quaUty）、价格（cost）和交货期（delivery）三要素之外，必需增加环境要求。而液压气动产品中大部分属于电气、电子产品范围，尤其是气动产品。为此日本气动产品的主要生产企业，已开展绿色采购工作，在2005年东京的IFPEX国际流体动力展览会上，已展出了一些符合RollS和ISO14000标准的产品。

简介：Inthispaper,weconsideranewsvendormodelinwhicharisk-aversemanagerfacesastochasticprice-dependentdemandineitheranadditiveoramultiplicativeform.Anemergencypurchaseoptionisallowedaftertherealizationofdemandtosatisfytheunitsthatareshort.Byadoptingconditionalvalue-at-risk(CVaR)asthedecisioncriterion,weaimtoinvestigatetheoptimalpricingandorderingdecisions,andtheeffectsofparameterchangesinsuchasetting.Weprovidesufficientconditionsfortheuniquenessoftheoptimalpolicyforbothdemandmodels.Weperformcomparativestaticsanalysistoshowhowtheoptimalpricingandorderingdecisionbehaveswhenchangingparameters.WealsocompareourresultswiththoseofthenewsvendorwithageneralutilityfunctionandwithCVaRcriterionunderlostsalesassumption.Ourkeyresultsinclude:(i)Forbothdemandmodels,theoptimalsellingpriceisdecreasinginriskaversion.Hence,theoptimalpriceofarisk-aversenewsvendorisnotgreaterthantheoptimalpriceofarisk-neutralnewsvendor.(ii)Incontrarytothelostsalescase,forthemultiplicativedemandmodel,theoptimalorderquantitymaynotbemonotonicinriskaversion.Consequently,theoptimalrisk-averseorderquantitymaybelowerorhigherthantheoptimalrisk-neutralcounterpart.(iii)Fortheadditivemodel,theoptimalorderquantityisstrictlyincreasingintheemergencypurchaseprice,whileforthemultiplicativemodeltheoptimalorderquantityhasnosuchamonotonicproperty.Somenumericalexamplesareconductedtoverifyourclaimsandgainmoreinsightsabouttherisk-aversedecision-makingbehaviors.

简介：主题摘要：在工程总承包模式下确定物资的集中采购与供应，明确各有关部门的职责，做到合理分工、有效管理，为工程施工服务并带来更大的利益。

简介：主题摘要：BT模式下招标筹建砼工厂，集中供应原材料，在日常监督管理下生产砼，统一进行结算，取得了良好的经济及社会效果。