简介：Comparativeexperimentswithandwithoutthediurnalchangeofsolarradiationaremadeinthispaperbyuseofanair-seacoupled7-layerprimitiveequationmodelingsysteminazonaldomainbetween60°Sand60°N.Theresultsshowthatthequasi-stationarypatternsofthemeanmonsooncirculationsarenotevidentlyaffectedbythediurnalchangeofsolarradiation.Themaininfluencesmaycomefromtheland-seadistributionandtheorography.However,theinclusionofthediurnalchangeofsolarradiationintothemodelsystemmayimprovetheintensitiesofthesimulatedmonsooncirculationsbothatthehighandthelowlevels.Itcaninfluencethedistributivepatternofprecipitationtoalargerextent.Withoutthediurnalchange,precipitationintheinterioroflandwoulddecreaseandinthecoastalregionsitwouldincrease.Thechangesofthesoiltemperatureandthesoilmoisturearefairlycorrespondenttothatofprecipitation.Theareaswithincreasingprecipitationandtheareaswithdecreasingprecipitationaredistributedinthewaveform.Astotheinfluencesonthemonsoondevelopment,theresultsindicatethatthediurnalchangeofsolarradiationcanspeedupthedevelopmentofthemonsoonintheearlystage.Therefore,theinclusionofthediurnalchangeofsolarradiationcanmakethemodelequilibriumstatetoreachearlier.

简介：Oceanicgeneralcirculationmodelshavebecomeanimportanttoolforthestudyofmarinestatusandchange.ThispaperreportsanumericalsimulationcarriedoutusingLICOM2.0andtheforcingfieldfromCORE.WhencomparedwithSODAreanalysisdataandERSST.v3bdata,thepatternsandvariabilityofthetropicalPacific–IndianOceanassociatedmode(PIOAM)arereproducedverywellinthisexperiment.Thisindicatesthat,whenthetropicalcentral–westernIndianOceanandcentral–easternPacificareabnormallywarmer/colder,thetropicaleasternIndianOceanandwesternPacificarecorrespondinglycolder/warmer.ThisfurtherconfirmsthatthetropicalPIOAMisanimportantmodethatisnotonlysignificantintheSSTanomalyfield,butalsomoreobviouslyinthesubsurfaceoceantemperatureanomalyfield.Thesurfaceassociatedmodeindex(SAMI)andthethermocline(i.e.,subsurface)associatedmodeindex(TAMI)calculatedusingthemodeloutputdataarebothconsistentwiththevaluesoftheseindicesderivedfromobservationandreanalysisdata.However,themodelSAMIandTAMIaremorecloselyandsynchronouslyrelatedtoeachother.

简介：Thephase-fieldmethodhasemergedasthemethodofchoiceforthedescriptionofmicrostructureevolutionandphasetransitionsinmetallicmaterials.Followinggeneralthermodynamiclawsasetofevolutionequationsforthestructuralvariablesofthesystem,thesocalledphase-fields,arederived.Thepaperreviewsshortlythetheoreticalbackgroundofthemulti-phase-field.Differentexamplesdemonstratingtheapplicabilityofthemethodtotechnicalsteelswillbepresentedrangingfromdeformationofthedendriticstrandshellduringperitectictransformation,graingrowthinAustenitetostressdrivengrowthofPearlite.

简介：微数组技术是的模仿的微严肃(SMG)生物反应器和DNA识别“玩的空间基因”的强大的工具在对微严肃的细胞的反应给角色调音。我们使用了这些生物工学工具由用生物反应器在正常严肃为15，50，和60d由恢复culturing跟随了的高方面比率容器为3，4，9，和10d暴露房间到SMG在人的表皮的keratinocytes上调查SMG和post-SMG恢复效果。作为结果，我们鉴别162差别表示了基因，其32是“最一致地在路线试验的时间被影响的中心基因”。十一中心基因从综合压力反应小径并且是并列地下面调整的。七个中心基因，都是金属硫蛋白MT-I和MT-IIisoforms，是并列地起来调整的。另外，HLA-G，在细胞的有免疫力的反应抑制的关键基因，被发现在恢复阶段期间显著地起来调整。总的来说，超过80%差别从更短的暴露表示了基因(/=9d)暴露，超过50d被需要恢复到更短的暴露的影响水平。数据显示那更短的SMG暴露持续时间将从微严肃效果导致更快、更完全的恢复。

简介：Inlowerhybridcurrentdrive(LHCD)experimentsinHT-7,LHwavecoupledtotheplasmafrom12klystronsislaunchedbyaphasedmulti-junctiongrill.Highpowermicrowavereflectionorarc,whichthreatenstheklystrons,thewave-guideceramicwindowsandthevacuumofthetokamak,occursometimesduringtheexperiments.Forthesakeofsafety,ahighpowermicrowavetestsystemtoperformsimulationswasdeveloped.Inthetestexperiments,theklystronandwindowcanbewellprotectedwithanoptimizedmicrowavemonitorandaPINswitch.ThelayoutofthetestsystemandthesimulatedexperimentsforHT-7aredescribedinthispaper.

简介：Aunifieddamageandfracturemodel,thecombinatoryworkdensitymodel,whichissuitableforei-thernon-crackedbodyorcrackedbodyhasbeensuggested.Inthepresentpaper,thedeformationandfractureofthetwokindsoftensilespceimenandTPBspecimenmadeof40Crsteelhavebeensimulatedbyusingthenewmod-eltogetherwiththelargeèlastic-plasticdeformationfiniteelementmethod.Theresultsgiveagoodpictureofthewholedeformationandfractureprocessesofthespecimensinexperiments;especially,theresultsontheTPBspecimencanbeusedtoobtaintherelationshipbetweenloadanddisplacementattheloadingpointP-Δ,andbetweencrackex-tensionanddisplacementattheloadingpointΔα-Δ,theresistancecurveJR-ΔaandthefracturetoughnessJIC.Alltheresultsareinremarkableagreementwiththoseobtainedbyexperiments.Thereforethemodelsuggestedherecanbeusedtosimulatecrackinitiationandpropagationinnon-crackedbodyandfractureinitiationandcrackstablepropa-gationincrackedbody.

简介：模仿的austempered的一张连续冷却转变(CCT)图可锻的铁(ADI)焊接金属借助于Formastor-F图测量仪器被开发了，并且由与实际焊接作比较修订了。最后，修订的图被用来决定焊接技术。(编辑作者摘要)4个裁判员。

简介：Theeffectsofsimulatedacidrainretainedinsoilonthepropertiesofacidsoilanditsdiminishingbyapplicationofgroundphosphaterockwereinvestigatedbyusingthesorptionmethod.Resultsshowasfollows:(1)Foryellowbrownsoil,theeffectofsimulatedacidrainonthepropertiesofsoilwithapHvalueof5.9wasrelativelysmall,exceptagreatquantityofacidraindepositedonit.(2)forredsoil,theeffectofsimulatedacidrainonthepropertiesofsoilwassignificant.Withtheincreaseoftheamountofaciddeposition,thepHvalueofsoilwasdeclined,butthecontentsofexchangeableH^+,Al^3+andMn^2+andtheamountofSO4^1-retentionwereincreased.(3)Manypropertiesofacidsoilscouldbeimprovedbyapplyinggroundphosphaterock.Forexample,pHvalueofsoilsandtheamountsofavailablePandexchangeableCa^2+andMg^2+wereincreased,andtheamountsofexchangeableH^+andAl^3+andSO4^2-retainedwasreduced.Theapplicationofgroundposphaterockcouldeffctivelydiminishthepollutionofacidraintosoil.

简介：Abstract:Theoxidescalestructureof443NThot-rolledstripswasanalyzed.Thepicklingof443NTstainlesssteelwassimulatedviathe6σexperimentaldesign.Theresultsindicatethatparabolicrelationsexistbetweenthepicklingscoresandsomeofthepicklinginfluencingfactors,suchasthenitricaciddensity,thehydrofluoricaciddensityandthepicklingtemperature.Effectivepicklingof443NTcanbeachievedbycontrollingthepicklingprocessingparameterswiththeHNO_3densityrangingfrom80g/Lto180g/L,theHFdensityfrom20g/Lto40g/Landthepicklingtemperaturefrom45℃to60℃.

简介：热带气旋(TC)上的表面流动parameterizations的效果紧张和结构被调查使用先进研究天气研究并且预报(WRF-ARW)与台风Morakot(2009)的高分辨率的模拟为系统建模。数字实验被设计为热含量与表面交换系数的不同明确的表达模仿台风Morakot(2009)(CK)和动量(CD)转移，从最近的观察研究包括那些基于在在大西洋飓风收集的situ飞机数据。结果证明模仿的紧张和结构对CK和CD,但是模仿的轨道不。与以前的研究一致，模仿的暴风雨紧张被发现对CK/CD比到CK或CD独自一个。pressurewind关系也被发现被交换系数影响，与最近的数字研究一致。这份报纸强调CD和CTC结构模拟上的K。结果建议那CD和CK穿上大影响表面风和流动分布，边界层高度，温暖的核心，和猛冲。比作可得到的观察，有观察CD和CK通常比另外的实验模仿了更好的紧张和结构，特别在海洋上。为在有不同CD和CK安装在TC动力学和热力学的上下文被讨论。

简介：在使用micro-arc-oxidization(毛)并且随后在不同模仿的生理的环境与poly-L-lactic酸(PLLA)封上的表面修正以后的新奇高张力AZ31B镁合金电线的降级行为被调查。表面毛micropores能身体上是的结果表演由PLLA封上，因此为电线形成有效保护到腐蚀抵抗。在在低pH价值(1.5或2.5)的模仿的胃的液体(SGF)，对待的电线让高降级与质量，直径，机械性质和沉浸液体的pH价值的重要增加的快速的减少评价。然而，表面修正能有效地与上面的pH价值在SGF减少对待的电线的降级率4.0。为在在pH=的模仿的肠的液体的对待的电线8.5，他们的力量保留能力在强壮的酸的SGF比那高。并且质量的损失率比直径的快，当沉浸液体的pH价值减少时。在模仿的身体环境的修改电线有最好的力量保留能力，这应该被注意。电线显示出显示他们的不同降级机制的不同降级行为，它也在这个工作被建议。

简介：Inordertostudythestresscorrosioncracking(SCC)ofX70pipelinesteelanditsweldjointinacidsoilenvironmentofsoutheastofChina,twosimulatingmethodswereusedhere.Theonewastoobtainthebadmicrostructuresinheataffectedzonebyannealingat1300°Cfor10minandaircoolingtoroomtemperature,theotherwastogetaseriesofsimulatingsolutionsoftheacidsoilenvironment.SCCsusceptibilitiesofX70pipelinesteelsbeforeandafterbeingnormalizedinthesimulatedsolutionswerestudiedbyslowstrainratetest(SSRT)andmicrostructuralobservationoffractureareas.Potentiodynamicpolarizationcurveswereusedtostudytheelectrochemicalbehaviourofdifferentmicrostructures.SCCdoesoccurtoboththeas-receivedmaterialandnormalizedmicrostructureafterheattreatmentasthepolarizationpotentialdecreased.Hydrogenembrittlement(HE)isindicatedoccurringtoalltestedmaterialsat-850mV(vsSCE)and-1200mV(vsSCE).TheSCCmechanismsaredifferentwithinvaryingpotentialrange.Anodicdissolutionisthekeycauseaspolarizationpotentialhigherthannullcurrentpotential,andHEwillplayamoreimportantroleaspolarizationpotentiallowerthanthenullcurrentpotential.

简介：

简介：Earlyproxy-basedstudiessuggestedthattherepotentiallyoccurreda"southerndrought/northernflood"(SDNF)overEastChinainthemid-Holocene(fromroughly7000to5000yearsbeforepresent).Inthisstudy,weusedbothglobalandregionalatmosphericcirculationmodelstodemonstratethattheSDNF—namely,theprecipitationincreasesoverNorthChinaanddecreasesoverthethelowerreachesoftheYangtzeRiverValley—couldhavetakenplaceinthemid-Holocene.WefoundthattheSDNFinthemid-HolocenewaslikelycausedbythelowerSSTinthePacific.TheloweredSSTandthehigherairtemperatureovermainlandChinaincreasedtheland–seathermalcontrastand,asaresult,strengthenedtheEastAsiansummermonsoonandenhancedtheprecipitationoverNorthChina.

简介：IntheEnsembleKalmanFilter(EnKF)dataassimilation-predictionsystem,mostofthecomputationtimeisspentonthepredictionrunsofensemblemembers.Alimitedorsmallensemblesizedoesreducethecomputationalcost,butanexcessivelysmallensemblesizeusuallyleadstofilterdivergence,especiallywhentherearemodelerrors.InordertoimprovetheefficiencyoftheEnKFdataassimilation-predictionsystemandpreventitagainstfilterdivergence,atime-expandedsamplingapproachforEnKFbasedontheWRF(WeatherResearchandForecasting)modelisusedtoassimilatesimulatedsoundingdata.TheapproachsamplesaseriesofperturbedstatevectorsfromNbmemberpredictionrunsnotonlyattheanalysistime(astheconventionalapproachdoes)butalsoatequallyseparatedtimelevels(timeintervalis△t)beforeandaftertheanalysistimewithMtimes.Alltheabovesampledstatevectorsareusedtoconstructtheensembleandcomputethebackgroundcovariancefortheanalysis,sotheensemblesizeisincreasedfromNbtoNb+2M×Nb=(1+2M)×Nb)withoutincreasingthenumberofpredictionruns(itisstillNb).Thisreducesthecomputationalcost.Aseriesofexperimentsareconductedtoinvestigatetheimpactof△t(thetimeintervaloftime-expandedsampling)andM(themaximumsamplingtimes)ontheanalysis.TheresultsshowthatiftandMareproperlyselected,thetime-expandedsamplingapproachachievesthesimilareffecttothatfromtheconventionalapproachwithanensemblesizeof(1+2M)×Nb,butthenumberofpredictionrunsisgreatlyreduced.

简介：用32，CMIP5(联合模型Intercomparison工程阶段5)当模特儿，这研究在为1850-2005的观察外部放射的强迫驾驶的历史的跑在云数量和他们的放射的效果(CRE)的模拟检验诚实，并且他们的未来在4.5情形竞选的RCP(代表性的集中小径)改变2006-2100。为历史的跑的确认度量标准被设计为climatological在空间模式的表示检验精确性吝啬、年度并且云和CRE的interannual变化。模型在云数量的模拟显示出大传播，明确地在低云总计。大规模环境也是的在云数量并且控制之间的观察关系由各种各样的模型不同地复制了。基于作为四个模型的最好的模型，和一般水准选择的确认度量标准，四modelsACCESS1.0，ACCESS1.3，HadGEM2-CC，和HadGEM2-ESare比multimodel整体一般水准更熟练地表现。模型投射全球平均数的SST在温室气体的增加温暖的所有，而是大小越过在1和2K之间的模拟变化，它对在云数量和分发的变化的差别大部分可归因。模仿温暖的更多的SST的模型由于减少的低云和增加的到来的短波放射在网CRE显示出更大的增加，特别地在在画热带的海洋的边界层的区域上。选择最好执行的模型在大约0.99%K1的全球平均数的云数量投射重要减小并且捕捞建议积极反馈的一个角色到全球温暖的0.46Wm2K1,的放射的温暖。

简介：Theeffectsofsimulatednitrogen(N)depositiononsoilexchangeablecationswerestudiedinthreeforesttypesofsubtropicalChina.FourNtreatmentswiththreereplicationsweredesignedforthemonsoonevergreenbroadleafforest(matureforest):control(0kgNha-1year-1),lowN(50kgNha-1year-1),mediumN(100kgNha-1year-1)andhighN(150kgNha-1year-1),andonlythreetreatments(i.e.,control,lowN,mediumN)wereestablishedforthepineandmixedforests.Nitrogenhadbeenappliedcontinuouslyfor26monthsbeforethemeasurement.ThematureforestrespondedmorerapidlyandintensivelytoNadditionsthanthepineandmixedforests,andexhibitedsomesignificantnegativesymptoms,e.g.,soilacidification,Almobilizationandleachingofbasecationsfromsoil.ThepineandmixedforestsrespondedslowlytoNadditionsandexhibitednosignificantresponseofsoilcations.ResponseofsoilexchangeablecationstoNdepositionvariedintheforestsofsubtropicalChina,dependingonsoilNstatusandland-usehistory.

简介：这份报纸的主要目的是在与不同沉浸时间在模仿的身体液体(SBF)沉浸的Mg-Zn-Zr合金的机械行为上调查腐蚀的效果。在SBF的材料的腐蚀行为被沉浸测试决定。侵蚀的合金的表面被SEM检验。渗出的Mg-2Zn-0.8Zr镁合金的张力的样品为0，4，7，10，14，21和28d沉浸于SBF。测试样品的张力的机械行为在一台电子张力的测试机器上被执行。SEM被用来观察破裂形态学。与沉浸时间，最终的张力的力量(UTS)，收益力量(YS)和Mg-2Zn-0.8Zr的延伸(EL)的扩展，样品起初很快减少了然后慢慢地减少了，这被发现。与增加的沉浸从可锻的骨折转变到劈开骨折的合金的主要破裂机制预定，它能被归因强调坑腐蚀引起的集中和embrittlement。

简介：在在一个模仿的喝的水分发系统的简历电影开发的氯和氯胺消毒的效率被使用不是自养的细菌的传播板技术调查。实验与不锈钢(SS)与四个环形的反应堆(艺术)被执行或铜(Cu)材料滑动。结果证明有没有，细菌纳入了Cu幻灯片的少数一与纳入SS幻灯片的那些相比消毒。当水与氯胺被消毒时，简历电影上的不是自养的板计数(HPC)属于Cu幻灯片显著地更低(由3.46木头CFU/cm，2)比那些属于SS幻灯片。同样，Cu幻灯片上的简历电影HPC数字稍微更低(由1.19木头CFU/cm2)，比那些，在SS上，幻灯片与氯消毒了。处于一个伪稳定的状态，Cu幻灯片上的HPC层次能与氯胺与氯并且到大约0.9木头CFU/cm2被归结为3.0木头CFU/cm2。氯胺的增加导致了简历电影的更有效的减小不是自养的细菌比氯。我们断定通常在水分发系统采用的氯和氯胺层次不是足够的阻止微生物引起的简历电影的生长和开发。是的铜管子幻灯片和氯胺的联合消毒引起的最有效的联合被减少细菌的层次。

简介：在CMIP5基于31个全球模型的模拟，在模仿哈德利和沃克发行量的模型的表演被评估。另外，相对1986-2005，他们在在在RCP4.5和RCP8.5情形下面的第21世纪(2080-2099)底的紧张的变化从200hPa速度潜力的观点被分析。确认在复制显示出单个CMIP5模型和多模型整体平均数(MME)的好性能南方(带)哈德利(沃克)循环的结构和大小。MME能也捕获冬季哈德利发行量的观察加强的趋势和行人发行量的变弱的趋势。如此的世俗的趋势能被39%模型和74%分别地模仿。MME设计显示冬季哈德利发行量和行人发行量愿望在第21世纪底在两种情形下面变弱。变弱的振幅比RCP4.5在RCP8.5下面是更大的，由于更强壮的外部强迫。CMIP5的多数为表演建模象MME的一样的设计。为夏天哈德利发行量，然而，MME证明在RCP4.5和大intermodel传播下面的小变化是明显的。在模型工程的一半附近，增加，和另外的一半投射减少。在RCP8.5情形下面，MME并且65%模型投射一变弱夏天南部的哈德利循环。