简介：一个伪因地球自转而引起的barotropic涡度方程模型被用来模仿在乍见陆地热带的气旋轨道和紧张上的地志的强迫和陆地磨擦的影响。模拟结果证明当地志的磨擦驱散的行动被考虑时，那条热带气旋轨道可以有突然的偏转，并且轨道的突然的偏转是容易的发生，当热带气旋的紧张是弱的，陆地磨擦是strong.The陆地磨擦时，热带气旋紧张的突然的变化不是清楚的可以是乍见陆地引起热带气旋轨道的突然的偏转在附近的一个重要因素。

简介：Withpopulationgrowthandincreasingpressureonlandresources,landcarryingcapacity(LCC)andfoodsafetyhavebeenattractinggreatattentionworldwide.Fromthepointofman-grainrelationshipandbyestablishingLCCandlandcarryingcapacityindex(LCCI)models,thisarticlefirstlyanalyzesthespatial-temporaldynamicsofLCCofChinafrom1949to2005atcounty,provincialandnationallevels.Choosing2005asarepresentativeyear,thisarticlethenevaluatestheLCCof264pastoralregions(semipastoralregions),663urbanregionsand592povertystrickenregionsofthecountry.Theresultsshowthat:(1)from1949to2005,withtheincreaseofgrainproduction,theLCCofChinahasbeenimprovedconspicuously,butduetotherapidpopulationgrowth,theproductioncanonlymaintainalowlevelgrainconsumption;(2)overthepast25years(1980-2005),thenumberofpopulationoverloadingprovincesdecreasedfrom23to15andthemangrainrelationshiphasbeenimprovedgradually,butthereweremoreoverloadingprovincesthansurplusprovincesinChina;(3)atcountylevel,therewere1572overloadingcountiesin1980accountingfor68.26%ofthetotalcountiesofthecountryandwherewere649millionpeoplelived,whilein1990,2000and2005,thenumberofoverloadingcountieswere1066,1133and1087respectively,whichshowsthattheman-grainrelationshiphasbeenimprovedobviouslyduringthepast25years;asforspatialdistribution,thesurpluscountiesweremainlyconcentratedinagriculturedevelopedregions,suchasNortheastPlain,NorthChinaPlain,middleandlowerReachesoftheYangtzeRiverPlain,andoverloadingcountiesweremainlylocatedinregionswithpoornaturalenvironmentandlowgrainproductioncapacity,suchasNorthwestChina,TibetanPlateauandLoessPlateauandeconomicallydevelopedurbanregions,suchasBeijing,TianjinandShanghai;(4)animalhusbandryimprovedgreatlytheLCCofpastoralandsemi-pastoralregions,whileurbanregionswereoverloadingforincreasingpopulationpressureandmoreth

简介：Recentresearchresultssuggestthatacidificationofacidsulfatesoilsmaybeinhibitedinwell-drainedestuarinefloodplainsineasternAustraliabytheabsenceofnaturalcreeklevees,Thelackofnaturalleveeshasallowedtheinuudationofthelandbyregulartidalfloodingpriortotheconstructionoffloodmitigationwork.Suchphysiographicalconditionspreventthedevelopmentofpre-draingaepyrite-derivedsoilacidifica-tionthatpossiblyoccurredatmanylevee-protectedsitesineasternAustralianestuarinefloodplainsduringextremelydryspells.Pre-drainageacidificationisconsideredasanimportantconditionforaccumulationofsolubleFeandconsequently,thecreationoffavourableenvironmentsforcatalysedpyriteoxidation.Undercurrentintensivelydrainedonditions,theacidmaterialsproducedbyongoingpyriteoxidationcanberapidlyremovedfromsoilporewaterbylateralleachingandacidbuffering,resultinginlowconcentrationsofsolubleFeinthepyriticlayer,whichcouldreducetherateofpyriteoxidation.

简介：Thepaperreviewedthebackgroundofpublic-privatepartnership(PPP)development,describedPPPconcept,characteristicsandbasicmodels,andanalyzedthenecessityandfeasibilitytodeveloplanddegradationcontrolPPP.ThentheexperiencesthatElionResourcesGroupinInnerMongoliahasaccumulatedinKubuqiDesertcontrolanddevelopmentaswellastherevelationsweresummarizedwiththehopetoprovidereferenceforestablishinglanddegradationcontrolPPPinaridareaofwesternregion.

简介：在这个工作，SCSMEX数据被用来诊断并且比较本地陆地海热条件，与在1998的在夏季风的发作和开发上的西方的太平洋和西藏的高原的热强迫的可能的影响的讨论的焦点。结果显示出在热来源的分发之间的一种靠近的关系，陆地海形成对照。由于地面的堵住的效果，在有更多的明显的纵贯的陆地海对比的区域的热来源的主要最大的地区更显然是向南方的专门与海洋比那些定位了。加热的表面与在土地和海之间的明显的季节变异和差别被描绘。在西方的太平洋和夏季风的发作之间的关系在海面温度(SST)和潜伏的热的变化被反映。西藏的高原的影响机制在夏季风期间是不同的：它被在华南海季风期间的理智的加热并且由在印度季风期间的压缩潜伏的加热统治。

简介：Itisofpracticalsignificanceforthedecision-makingoncountryfoodsecurityandfarmlandprotectiontoanalyzetheconversionmarginsforthemajorusesofagriculturallandandtheirvariations.Basedonthepaneldataofwheat,corn,vegetable,fruit,andforestsproductionsfrom520investigatedfarmerhouseholdsof13investigatedvillagesinShandongProvincefrom2003to2009,andusingCobb-Douglasproductionfunction,therevenueconversionmarginscanbeobtainedseparately,betweendifferentgrain-crops(wheat,corn)anddifferentnon-graincrops(vegetable,fruit,forests),andtheconversionrelationshipbetweengrowinggrain(wheat,corn)andgoingoutfornon-farmwork.Theresultsshowthatfrom2003to2009,growingwheatandcornaremoreeconomicallyandreasonablyforfarmers,comparedwithgrowingvegetable,butgrowingwheatandcornarebecominglesseconomicallyandlessreasonablydaybyday,comparedwithplantingforests.Moreover,theconversionmarginbetweenwheatandfruitshowsobviousscissorsdifference.Justfrom2007,farmers'growingfruitbecameeconomicallyandreasonably,butuntil2009,comparedwithgoingouttoworkafterabandoningfarm8land,growingwheathadnoeconomicrationality.From2003to2009,farmers'growingcornismoreprofitablethangrowingfruitandgoingoutfornon-farmworkafterabandoningfarmland.Thesubsidiesforwheatandcornhaveincreasedfarmers'comparativeincomefromfoodproductionremarkably,butthesubsidiescannotchangethegeneraltendencythatfarmerstransformfood(wheat,corn)productionintonon-food(especiallyforests)production.Therevenuedifferencebetweengrowingwheat,cornandvegetableandgrowingfruitandforestsisbeingpulledceaselesslybigger,andthetendencythatfarmerstransformwheat,cornandvegetablegrowinglandsintofruitandforestsgrowinglandshasbecomeincreasinglyapparent.

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简介：Thisstudyexaminestheimpactsofland-usedataonthesimulationofsurfaceairtemperatureinNorthwestChinabytheWeatherResearchandForecasting(WRF)model.InternationalGeosphere-BiosphereProgram(IGBP)land-usedatawith500-mspatialresolutionaregeneratedfromModerateResolutionImagingSpectroradiometer(MODIS)satelliteproducts.ThesedataareusedtoreplacethedefaultU.S.GeologicalSurvey(USGS)land-usedataintheWRFmodel.BasedonthedatarecordedbynationalbasicmeteorologicalobservingstationsinNorthwestChina,resultsarecomparedandevaluated.ItisfoundthatreplacingthedefaultUSGSland-usedataintheWRFmodelwiththeIGBPdataimprovestheabilityofthemodeltosimulatesurfaceairtemperatureinNorthwestChinainJulyandDecember2015.Errorsinthesimulateddaytimesurfaceairtemperaturearereduced,whiletheresultsvarybetweenseasons.Thereissomevariationinthedegreeandrangeofimpactsofland-usedataonsurfaceairtemperatureamongseasons.UsingtheIGBPdata,thesimulateddaytimesurfaceairtemperatureinJuly2015improvesatarelativelysmallnumberofstations,buttoarelativelylargedegree;whereasthesimulationofdaytimesurfaceairtemperatureinDecember2015improvesatalmostallstations,butonlytoarelativelysmalldegree(within1℃).MitigationofdaytimesurfaceairtemperatureoverestimationinJuly2015isinfluencedmainlybythechangeingroundheatflux.ThemodificationofunderestimatedtemperaturecomesmainlyfromtheimprovementofsimulatednetradiationinDecember2015.

简介：TheChineseAcademyofMeteorologicalSciences(CAMS)hasbeendevotedtodevelopingaclimatesystemmo-del(CSM)tomeetdemandforclimatesimulationandpredictionfortheEastAsianregion.Inthisstudy,weevaluatedtheperformanceofCAMS-CSMinregardtosensibleheatflux(H),latentheatflux(LE),surfacetemperature,soilmoisture,andsnowdepth,focusingontheAtmosphericModelIntercomparisonProjectexperiment,withtheaimofparticipatingintheCoupledModelIntercomparisonProjectphase6.WesystematicallyassessedthesimulationresultsachievedbyCAMS-CSMforthesevariablesagainstvariousreferenceproductsandgroundobservations,includingtheFLUXNETmodeltreeensemblesHandLEdata,ClimatePredictionCentersoilmoisturedata,snowdepthclimatologydata,andChinesegroundobservationsofsnowdepthandwintersurfacetemperature.WecomparedtheseresultswithdatafromtheECMWFInterimreanalysis(ERA-Interim)andGlobalLandDataAssimilationSystem(GLDAS).OurresultsindicatedthatCAMS-CSMsimulationswerebetterthanorcomparabletoERA-Interimreanalysisforsnowdepthandwintersurfacetemperatureatregionalscales,butslightlyworsewhensimulatingtotalcolumnsoilmoisture.Theroot-mean-squaredifferencesofHinCAMS-CSMwereallgreaterthanthosefromtheERA-Interimreanalysis,butlessthanorcomparabletothosefromGLDAS.ThespatialcorrelationsforHinCAMS-CSMwerethelowestinnearlyallregions,exceptforNorthAmerica.CAMS-CSMLEproducedthelowestbiasinSiberia,NorthAmerica,andSouthAmerica,butwiththelowestspatialcorrelationcoefficients.Therefore,therearestillscopesforimprovingHandLEsimulationsinCAMS-CSM,particularlyforLE.

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简介：Twolandsurfacemodels,CommunityLandModel(CLM3.5)andNOAHmodel,havebeencoupledtotheWeatherResearchandForecasting(WRF)modelandbeenusedtosimulatetheprecipitation,temperature,andcirculationfields,respectively,overeasternChinainatypicalfloodyear(1998).Thepurposeofthisstudyistorevealtheeffectsoflandsurfacechangesonregionalclimatemodeling.ComparisonsofsimulatedresultsandobservationdataindicatethatchangesinlandsurfaceprocesseshavesignificantimpactonspatialandtemporaldistributionofprecipitationandtemperaturepatternsineasternChina.CouplingoftheCLM3.5totheWRFmodel(experimentWRF-C)substantiallyimprovesthesimulationresultsovereasternChinarelativetoanolderversionofWRFcoupledtotheNOAH-LSM(experimentWRF-N).ItisfoundthatthesimulationofthespatialpatternofsummerprecipitationinWRF-CisbetterthaninWRF-N.WRF-Calsosignificantlyreducesthesummerpositivebiasofsurfaceairtemperature,anditssimulatedsurfaceairtemperaturematchesmorecloselytoobservationsthanWRF-Ndoes,whichisassociatedwithlowersensibleheatfluxesandhigherlatentheatfluxesinWRF-C.

简介：ＴｈｅｓｕｐｐｏｒｔｉｎｇｃａｐａｂｉｌｉｔｙｏｆｗａｔｅｒａｎｄｌａｎｄｒｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｓｆｏｒｓｕｓｔａｉｎａｂｌｅｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｏｆｙｉｅｌｄｉｎＮｏｒｔｈＣｈｉｎａＰｌａｉｎＺＨＡＮＧＨｏｎｇｙｅＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＧｅｏｇｒａｐｈｙ，...

简介：Accurateestimatesofalbedosarerequiredinclimatemodeling.Accurateandsimpleschemesforradiativetransferwithincanopyarerequiredfortheseestimates,butseverelimitationsexist.Thispaperdevelopedafour-streamsolarradiativetransfermodelandcoupleditwithalandsurfaceprocessmodel.Theradiativemodelusesafour-streamapproximationmethodasintheatmospheretoobtainanalyticsolutionsofthebasicequationofcanopyradiativetransfer.Asananalyticalmodel,thefour-streamradiativetransfermodelcanbeeasilyappliedefficientlytoimprovetheparameterizationoflandsurfaceradiationinclimatemodels.Ourfour-streamsolarradiativetransfermodelisbasedonatwo-streamshortwaveradiativetransfermodel.Itcansimulateshortwavesolarradiativetransferwithincanopyaccordingtotherelevanttheoryintheatmosphere.Eachparameterofthebasicradiativetransferequationofcanopyhasspecialgeometryandopticalcharactersofleavesorcanopy.Theupwardordownwardradiativefluxesarerelatedtothediffusephasefunction,theG-function,leafreflectivityandtransmission,leafareaindex,andthesolarangleoftheincidentbeam.Thefour-streamsimulationiscomparedwiththatofthetwo-streammodel.Thefour-streammodelisprovedsuccessfulthroughitsconsistentmodelingofcanopyalbedoatanysolarincidentangle.Inordertocompareandfinddifferencesbetweentheresultspredictedbythefour-andtwo-streammodels,anumberofnumericalexperimentsareperformedthroughexaminingtheeffectsofdifferentleafareaindices,leafangledistributions,opticalpropertiesofleaves,andgroundsurfaceconditionsonthecanopyalbedo.Parallelexperimentsshowthatthecanopyalbedospredictedbythetwomodelsdiffersignificantlywhentheleafangledistributionissphericalandvertical.Theresultsalsoshowthatthedifferenceisparticularlygreatfordifferentincidentsolarbeams.OneadditionalexperimentiscarriedouttoevaluatethesimulationsoftheBATSla

简介：常规土地垂直地震介绍(VSP)探索通常为接收装置使用P波浪来源和三部件的地震检波器，强调P--并且变换S波浪。以前的研究证明从在表面的可控制的地震来源的两炸毁地上凿穿射击和垂直颤动将生产相对强壮的纯P波浪和更弱的纯S波浪。大泊松的比率差别的接口在强壮的播送变换S波浪的形成上有积极影响。由从来源的纯S波浪的比较分析并且在去的S波浪下面变换了，当时，我们相信纯S波浪的主要频率通常比纯P波浪低主要频率在变变换下面，S波浪接近P波浪的。我们学习了零偏移量并且从陆地P波浪的偏移量VSP数据采购原料。结果证明纯S波浪通常在波浪紧张与差别在这些数据存在。S波浪速度能从P波浪来源被获得零偏移量的VSP数据。最后，我们讨论VSPP的联合申请的明亮的未来--并且S波浪和在P波浪的S波浪的完整的使用采购VSP数据。

简介：Withamesoscalemodel(MM5)nestedwiththeglobalspectralmodelofNationalMeteorologicalCenter/CMAandespeciallywiththeforecastexperimentsastorainfallandtemperatureoftwenty-sevensamplingstationsinEastChinaforsixmonths(February,March,Aprilin1997andJune,July,Augustin1998),ithasbeenfoundthatthebetterpredictioncanbeperformedontheconditionthatthesurfacephysicalprocessofpracticalland-usecategoriesandphysicalparametersisparameterizedinparticularforecastdomain.limited-areamodel,land-usecategory,forecastexperiment

简介：Hebei省浓密地是有大多数的区域之一在中国的人口，最快的经济生长和很集中的陆地使用。陆地缺乏的矛盾与人口生长由高速度的经济开发削尖成为了一个严重问题，它限制了揭示的地区性的持续development.This纸基本进程，变化和严肃的地区性的差别在过去的50年期间根据可耕地的长系列的统计数据可耕地集中区域。根据提及的上面，影响可耕地的变化的主要驱动力被讨论。研究结果显示在最后50年期间有在可耕地区域的明显的波动减少的一个趋势。可耕地区域的变化从增加经历这个过程突然地减少轻轻地减少。在可耕地区域的变化的地区性的不同是很著名的，可耕地区域的严肃中心移动49.22km到东北。关于在可耕地的减少，直接驱动力包括农业结构和开垦的调整，并且间接驱动力在技术，经济兴趣和人口生长等等包括进展。

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简介：Keerqin沙土地位于在向东北平凡、内部的蒙古之间的过渡地面(42°41′-45°15′N，118°35′-123°30′E)在东北Chinaand，它被沙漠化严重影响。根据地球表面的配置和生态环境，植被，赤裸的砂土的职业比率和土壤质地的范围被使用地调查数据作为评估索引选择。Keerqin沙的沙漠化的评估索引系统被使用遥感数据建立，并且赤裸的砂土的职业比率被混合光谱模型获得。这个索引系统被域调查数据验证，结果显示它对Keerqin的thedesertification评估合适。

简介：在维持在供应之间的平衡的耕地工具的供应和需求和在有时间的推移的某个区域以内的耕地的需求之间的动态平衡。维持在耕地的供应和需求之间的动态平衡是为耕地的持续使用和农业的持续发展的前提和基础，是众所周知的。并且它是与整个社会和国民经济的持续发展有关的一个全面、战略的问题。现在，面对象人口的快速的生长的如此的一种严重状况，蓬勃发展工业和城市的扩大，激进的土壤恶化和污染和数量的连续减少和在世界上的耕地的质量，中国不得不依靠它的自己的陆地作为一个号码1最大的人口得到食物的自足。